Voriconazole greatly increases the exposure to oral buprenorphine
Purpose Buprenorphine has low oral bioavailability. Regardless of sublingual administration, a notable part of buprenorphine is exposed to extensive first-pass metabolism by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4. As drug interaction studies with buprenorphine are limited, we wanted to investigate the effect...
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creator | Fihlman, Mari Hemmilä, Tuija Hagelberg, Nora M. Backman, Janne T. Laitila, Jouko Laine, Kari Neuvonen, Pertti J Olkkola, Klaus T. Saari, Teijo I. |
description | Purpose
Buprenorphine has low oral bioavailability. Regardless of sublingual administration, a notable part of buprenorphine is exposed to extensive first-pass metabolism by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4. As drug interaction studies with buprenorphine are limited, we wanted to investigate the effect of voriconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral buprenorphine.
Methods
Twelve healthy volunteers were given either placebo or voriconazole (orally, 400 mg twice on day 1 and 200 mg twice on days 2–5) for 5 days in a randomized, cross-over study. On day 5, they ingested 0.2 mg (3.6 mg during placebo phase) oral buprenorphine. We measured plasma and urine concentrations of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine and monitored their pharmacological effects. Pharmacokinetic parameters were normalized for a buprenorphine dose of 1.0 mg.
Results
Voriconazole greatly increased the mean area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC
0–18
) of buprenorphine (4.3-fold,
P
|
doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00228-018-2548-8 |
format | Article |
fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_2098764367</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2098764367</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c507t-ab11678d47e8b1f2b3b363140f37180ee2841d030ad215f5754059a882451fb03</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp1kEtLxDAQx4Mouj4-gBcpePFSncmjyR5FfIHgRb2GtDvdrXSbmrTg-unNsj5A8DQD85v_DD_GjhHOEUBfRADOTQ5ocq6kyc0Wm6AUPEeQuM0mAALzYqphj-3H-AqAagpil-0JwEJrpSfs8sWHpvKd-_AtZfNAbmhXWdNVqYsUs2FBGb33Po6BssFnPrg2K8c-UOdDv2g6OmQ7tWsjHX3VA_Z8c_10dZc_PN7eX10-5JUCPeSuxHTTzKQmU2LNS1GKQqCEWmg0QMSNxBkIcDOOqlZaSVBTZwyXCusSxAE72-T2wb-NFAe7bGJFbes68mO0HKZGF1IUOqGnf9BXP4YufbemNDcgjEwUbqgq-BgD1bYPzdKFlUWwa79249cmv3bt15q0c_KVPJZLmv1sfAtNAN8AMY26OYXf0_-nfgIs44O1</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2097280384</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Voriconazole greatly increases the exposure to oral buprenorphine</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings</source><creator>Fihlman, Mari ; Hemmilä, Tuija ; Hagelberg, Nora M. ; Backman, Janne T. ; Laitila, Jouko ; Laine, Kari ; Neuvonen, Pertti J ; Olkkola, Klaus T. ; Saari, Teijo I.</creator><creatorcontrib>Fihlman, Mari ; Hemmilä, Tuija ; Hagelberg, Nora M. ; Backman, Janne T. ; Laitila, Jouko ; Laine, Kari ; Neuvonen, Pertti J ; Olkkola, Klaus T. ; Saari, Teijo I.</creatorcontrib><description><![CDATA[Purpose
Buprenorphine has low oral bioavailability. Regardless of sublingual administration, a notable part of buprenorphine is exposed to extensive first-pass metabolism by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4. As drug interaction studies with buprenorphine are limited, we wanted to investigate the effect of voriconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral buprenorphine.
Methods
Twelve healthy volunteers were given either placebo or voriconazole (orally, 400 mg twice on day 1 and 200 mg twice on days 2–5) for 5 days in a randomized, cross-over study. On day 5, they ingested 0.2 mg (3.6 mg during placebo phase) oral buprenorphine. We measured plasma and urine concentrations of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine and monitored their pharmacological effects. Pharmacokinetic parameters were normalized for a buprenorphine dose of 1.0 mg.
Results
Voriconazole greatly increased the mean area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC
0–18
) of buprenorphine (4.3-fold,
P
< 0.001), its peak concentration (
C
max
) (3.9-fold), half-life (
P
< 0.05), and excretion into urine (
A
e
;
P
< 0.001). Voriconazole also markedly enhanced the
C
max
(
P
< 0.001), AUC
0–18
(
P
< 0.001), and
A
e
(
P
< 0.05) of unconjugated norbuprenorphine but decreased its renal clearance (
P
< 0.001). Mild dizziness and nausea occurred during both study phases.
Conclusions
Voriconazole greatly increases exposure to oral buprenorphine, mainly by inhibiting intestinal and liver CYP3A4. Effect on some transporters may explain elevated norbuprenorphine concentrations. Although oral buprenorphine is not commonly used, this interaction may become relevant in patients receiving sublingual buprenorphine together with voriconazole or other CYP3A4 or transporter inhibitors.]]></description><identifier>ISSN: 0031-6970</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1432-1041</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00228-018-2548-8</identifier><identifier>PMID: 30167757</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Adult ; Analgesics, Opioid - adverse effects ; Analgesics, Opioid - pharmacokinetics ; Antifungal agents ; Antifungal Agents - adverse effects ; Antifungal Agents - pharmacology ; Area Under Curve ; Bioavailability ; Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Biomedicine ; Biotransformation ; Buprenorphine ; Buprenorphine - adverse effects ; Buprenorphine - analogs & derivatives ; Buprenorphine - metabolism ; Buprenorphine - pharmacokinetics ; Cross-Over Studies ; Crossovers ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A - metabolism ; Cytochrome P450 ; Dizziness - chemically induced ; Drug interaction ; Drug Interactions ; Excretion ; Exposure ; Female ; Half-Life ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Intestine ; Liver ; Male ; Metabolism ; Nausea ; Oral administration ; Pharmacodynamics ; Pharmacokinetics ; Pharmacokinetics and Disposition ; Pharmacology/Toxicology ; Plasma ; Urine ; Voriconazole ; Voriconazole - adverse effects ; Voriconazole - pharmacology ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>European journal of clinical pharmacology, 2018-12, Vol.74 (12), p.1615-1622</ispartof><rights>Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018</rights><rights>European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology is a copyright of Springer, (2018). All Rights Reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c507t-ab11678d47e8b1f2b3b363140f37180ee2841d030ad215f5754059a882451fb03</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c507t-ab11678d47e8b1f2b3b363140f37180ee2841d030ad215f5754059a882451fb03</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-1225-4561</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00228-018-2548-8$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00228-018-2548-8$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30167757$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Fihlman, Mari</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hemmilä, Tuija</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hagelberg, Nora M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Backman, Janne T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Laitila, Jouko</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Laine, Kari</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Neuvonen, Pertti J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Olkkola, Klaus T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saari, Teijo I.</creatorcontrib><title>Voriconazole greatly increases the exposure to oral buprenorphine</title><title>European journal of clinical pharmacology</title><addtitle>Eur J Clin Pharmacol</addtitle><addtitle>Eur J Clin Pharmacol</addtitle><description><![CDATA[Purpose
Buprenorphine has low oral bioavailability. Regardless of sublingual administration, a notable part of buprenorphine is exposed to extensive first-pass metabolism by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4. As drug interaction studies with buprenorphine are limited, we wanted to investigate the effect of voriconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral buprenorphine.
Methods
Twelve healthy volunteers were given either placebo or voriconazole (orally, 400 mg twice on day 1 and 200 mg twice on days 2–5) for 5 days in a randomized, cross-over study. On day 5, they ingested 0.2 mg (3.6 mg during placebo phase) oral buprenorphine. We measured plasma and urine concentrations of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine and monitored their pharmacological effects. Pharmacokinetic parameters were normalized for a buprenorphine dose of 1.0 mg.
Results
Voriconazole greatly increased the mean area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC
0–18
) of buprenorphine (4.3-fold,
P
< 0.001), its peak concentration (
C
max
) (3.9-fold), half-life (
P
< 0.05), and excretion into urine (
A
e
;
P
< 0.001). Voriconazole also markedly enhanced the
C
max
(
P
< 0.001), AUC
0–18
(
P
< 0.001), and
A
e
(
P
< 0.05) of unconjugated norbuprenorphine but decreased its renal clearance (
P
< 0.001). Mild dizziness and nausea occurred during both study phases.
Conclusions
Voriconazole greatly increases exposure to oral buprenorphine, mainly by inhibiting intestinal and liver CYP3A4. Effect on some transporters may explain elevated norbuprenorphine concentrations. Although oral buprenorphine is not commonly used, this interaction may become relevant in patients receiving sublingual buprenorphine together with voriconazole or other CYP3A4 or transporter inhibitors.]]></description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Analgesics, Opioid - adverse effects</subject><subject>Analgesics, Opioid - pharmacokinetics</subject><subject>Antifungal agents</subject><subject>Antifungal Agents - adverse effects</subject><subject>Antifungal Agents - pharmacology</subject><subject>Area Under Curve</subject><subject>Bioavailability</subject><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biomedicine</subject><subject>Biotransformation</subject><subject>Buprenorphine</subject><subject>Buprenorphine - adverse effects</subject><subject>Buprenorphine - analogs & derivatives</subject><subject>Buprenorphine - metabolism</subject><subject>Buprenorphine - pharmacokinetics</subject><subject>Cross-Over Studies</subject><subject>Crossovers</subject><subject>Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A - metabolism</subject><subject>Cytochrome P450</subject><subject>Dizziness - chemically induced</subject><subject>Drug interaction</subject><subject>Drug Interactions</subject><subject>Excretion</subject><subject>Exposure</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Half-Life</subject><subject>Healthy Volunteers</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Intestine</subject><subject>Liver</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Metabolism</subject><subject>Nausea</subject><subject>Oral administration</subject><subject>Pharmacodynamics</subject><subject>Pharmacokinetics</subject><subject>Pharmacokinetics and Disposition</subject><subject>Pharmacology/Toxicology</subject><subject>Plasma</subject><subject>Urine</subject><subject>Voriconazole</subject><subject>Voriconazole - adverse effects</subject><subject>Voriconazole - pharmacology</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>0031-6970</issn><issn>1432-1041</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2018</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kEtLxDAQx4Mouj4-gBcpePFSncmjyR5FfIHgRb2GtDvdrXSbmrTg-unNsj5A8DQD85v_DD_GjhHOEUBfRADOTQ5ocq6kyc0Wm6AUPEeQuM0mAALzYqphj-3H-AqAagpil-0JwEJrpSfs8sWHpvKd-_AtZfNAbmhXWdNVqYsUs2FBGb33Po6BssFnPrg2K8c-UOdDv2g6OmQ7tWsjHX3VA_Z8c_10dZc_PN7eX10-5JUCPeSuxHTTzKQmU2LNS1GKQqCEWmg0QMSNxBkIcDOOqlZaSVBTZwyXCusSxAE72-T2wb-NFAe7bGJFbes68mO0HKZGF1IUOqGnf9BXP4YufbemNDcgjEwUbqgq-BgD1bYPzdKFlUWwa79249cmv3bt15q0c_KVPJZLmv1sfAtNAN8AMY26OYXf0_-nfgIs44O1</recordid><startdate>20181201</startdate><enddate>20181201</enddate><creator>Fihlman, Mari</creator><creator>Hemmilä, Tuija</creator><creator>Hagelberg, Nora M.</creator><creator>Backman, Janne T.</creator><creator>Laitila, Jouko</creator><creator>Laine, Kari</creator><creator>Neuvonen, Pertti J</creator><creator>Olkkola, Klaus T.</creator><creator>Saari, Teijo I.</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1225-4561</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20181201</creationdate><title>Voriconazole greatly increases the exposure to oral buprenorphine</title><author>Fihlman, Mari ; Hemmilä, Tuija ; Hagelberg, Nora M. ; Backman, Janne T. ; Laitila, Jouko ; Laine, Kari ; Neuvonen, Pertti J ; Olkkola, Klaus T. ; Saari, Teijo I.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c507t-ab11678d47e8b1f2b3b363140f37180ee2841d030ad215f5754059a882451fb03</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Analgesics, Opioid - adverse effects</topic><topic>Analgesics, Opioid - pharmacokinetics</topic><topic>Antifungal agents</topic><topic>Antifungal Agents - adverse effects</topic><topic>Antifungal Agents - pharmacology</topic><topic>Area Under Curve</topic><topic>Bioavailability</topic><topic>Biomedical and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Biomedicine</topic><topic>Biotransformation</topic><topic>Buprenorphine</topic><topic>Buprenorphine - adverse effects</topic><topic>Buprenorphine - analogs & derivatives</topic><topic>Buprenorphine - metabolism</topic><topic>Buprenorphine - pharmacokinetics</topic><topic>Cross-Over Studies</topic><topic>Crossovers</topic><topic>Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A - metabolism</topic><topic>Cytochrome P450</topic><topic>Dizziness - chemically induced</topic><topic>Drug interaction</topic><topic>Drug Interactions</topic><topic>Excretion</topic><topic>Exposure</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Half-Life</topic><topic>Healthy Volunteers</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Intestine</topic><topic>Liver</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Metabolism</topic><topic>Nausea</topic><topic>Oral administration</topic><topic>Pharmacodynamics</topic><topic>Pharmacokinetics</topic><topic>Pharmacokinetics and Disposition</topic><topic>Pharmacology/Toxicology</topic><topic>Plasma</topic><topic>Urine</topic><topic>Voriconazole</topic><topic>Voriconazole - adverse effects</topic><topic>Voriconazole - pharmacology</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Fihlman, Mari</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hemmilä, Tuija</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hagelberg, Nora M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Backman, Janne T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Laitila, Jouko</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Laine, Kari</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Neuvonen, Pertti J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Olkkola, Klaus T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saari, Teijo I.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>European journal of clinical pharmacology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Fihlman, Mari</au><au>Hemmilä, Tuija</au><au>Hagelberg, Nora M.</au><au>Backman, Janne T.</au><au>Laitila, Jouko</au><au>Laine, Kari</au><au>Neuvonen, Pertti J</au><au>Olkkola, Klaus T.</au><au>Saari, Teijo I.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Voriconazole greatly increases the exposure to oral buprenorphine</atitle><jtitle>European journal of clinical pharmacology</jtitle><stitle>Eur J Clin Pharmacol</stitle><addtitle>Eur J Clin Pharmacol</addtitle><date>2018-12-01</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>74</volume><issue>12</issue><spage>1615</spage><epage>1622</epage><pages>1615-1622</pages><issn>0031-6970</issn><eissn>1432-1041</eissn><abstract><![CDATA[Purpose
Buprenorphine has low oral bioavailability. Regardless of sublingual administration, a notable part of buprenorphine is exposed to extensive first-pass metabolism by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4. As drug interaction studies with buprenorphine are limited, we wanted to investigate the effect of voriconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral buprenorphine.
Methods
Twelve healthy volunteers were given either placebo or voriconazole (orally, 400 mg twice on day 1 and 200 mg twice on days 2–5) for 5 days in a randomized, cross-over study. On day 5, they ingested 0.2 mg (3.6 mg during placebo phase) oral buprenorphine. We measured plasma and urine concentrations of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine and monitored their pharmacological effects. Pharmacokinetic parameters were normalized for a buprenorphine dose of 1.0 mg.
Results
Voriconazole greatly increased the mean area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC
0–18
) of buprenorphine (4.3-fold,
P
< 0.001), its peak concentration (
C
max
) (3.9-fold), half-life (
P
< 0.05), and excretion into urine (
A
e
;
P
< 0.001). Voriconazole also markedly enhanced the
C
max
(
P
< 0.001), AUC
0–18
(
P
< 0.001), and
A
e
(
P
< 0.05) of unconjugated norbuprenorphine but decreased its renal clearance (
P
< 0.001). Mild dizziness and nausea occurred during both study phases.
Conclusions
Voriconazole greatly increases exposure to oral buprenorphine, mainly by inhibiting intestinal and liver CYP3A4. Effect on some transporters may explain elevated norbuprenorphine concentrations. Although oral buprenorphine is not commonly used, this interaction may become relevant in patients receiving sublingual buprenorphine together with voriconazole or other CYP3A4 or transporter inhibitors.]]></abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><pmid>30167757</pmid><doi>10.1007/s00228-018-2548-8</doi><tpages>8</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1225-4561</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
fulltext | fulltext |
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ispartof | European journal of clinical pharmacology, 2018-12, Vol.74 (12), p.1615-1622 |
issn | 0031-6970 1432-1041 |
language | eng |
recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_2098764367 |
source | MEDLINE; SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings |
subjects | Adolescent Adult Analgesics, Opioid - adverse effects Analgesics, Opioid - pharmacokinetics Antifungal agents Antifungal Agents - adverse effects Antifungal Agents - pharmacology Area Under Curve Bioavailability Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedicine Biotransformation Buprenorphine Buprenorphine - adverse effects Buprenorphine - analogs & derivatives Buprenorphine - metabolism Buprenorphine - pharmacokinetics Cross-Over Studies Crossovers Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A - metabolism Cytochrome P450 Dizziness - chemically induced Drug interaction Drug Interactions Excretion Exposure Female Half-Life Healthy Volunteers Humans Intestine Liver Male Metabolism Nausea Oral administration Pharmacodynamics Pharmacokinetics Pharmacokinetics and Disposition Pharmacology/Toxicology Plasma Urine Voriconazole Voriconazole - adverse effects Voriconazole - pharmacology Young Adult |
title | Voriconazole greatly increases the exposure to oral buprenorphine |
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