Circadian locomotor output cycles kaput accelerates atherosclerotic plaque formation by upregulating plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression

Abstract To explore the association between clock circadian regulator circadian locomotor output cycles kaput gene (CLOCK) and the forming of atherosclerotic plaques and its underlying mechanisms, mouse aortic endothelial cells (MAECs) and atherosclerosis (AS) mouse model were recruited for our study. The apoE gene knockout mouse was used as the model of AS and we accelerated the formation of unstable plaques through the combination of carotid artery ligation and high-fat (HF) diet administration (0.2% cholesterol, 20% fat). The mRNA and protein expressions of CLOCK in peripheral blood monouclear cells of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients or mouse AS model were detected by qPCR, western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining. The number of adherent cells and atherosclerotic plaques was counted to assess the effects of CLOCK on the progression of ACS, and adherence-associated genes, such as vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, C–C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL-2), and CCL-5. The results showed that CLOCK expression was significantly increased in both ACS patients and AS mouse model. The levels of CLOCK, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), perilipin 2 (ADFP), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), as well as the number of atherosclerotic plaques were elevated in the AS mouse model, as compared with the control group. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that CLOCK bound directly to the promoter of PAI-1 gene and CLOCK could positively regulate the expressions of LIF, ICAM-1, ADFP, NF-κB, and PAI-1. Reduction of CLOCK expression would decrease the expressions of VCAM-1, CCL-2, and CCL-5, and the number of adherent cells and atherosclerotic plaques, but these effects were neutralized when PAI-1 was simultaneously overexpressed in either mouse model or MAECs. Our results demonstrate that CLOCK overexpression triggers the formation of atherosclerotic plaques by directly upregulating PAI-1 expression.