Influence of temperature and food availability on the biochemical composition and mortality of juvenile Mercenaria mercenaria (L.) during the over-winter period
Over-winter mortality of juvenile aquacultured northern quahogs (=hard clams), Mercenaria mercenaria, is a significant problem for the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast aquaculturists. Although protecting seed from predators improves survival, significant mortalities still frequently exceed 50%. The mortal...
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| description | Over-winter mortality of juvenile aquacultured northern quahogs (=hard clams), Mercenaria mercenaria, is a significant problem for the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast aquaculturists. Although protecting seed from predators improves survival, significant mortalities still frequently exceed 50%. The mortality has been attributed to severe winter temperatures, however, this suggestion has yet to be systematically investigated. We hypothesize that extended periods of low water temperatures ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.12.001 |
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Although protecting seed from predators improves survival, significant mortalities still frequently exceed 50%. The mortality has been attributed to severe winter temperatures, however, this suggestion has yet to be systematically investigated. We hypothesize that extended periods of low water temperatures (<5 °C) will result in reduced hard clam pumping, and a subsequent increase in the use of energy stores for metabolism. This would then lead to demise in physiological condition and cause mortality in the spring when water temperatures increase, food levels are low and metabolic demand is high. In this study, juvenile aquacultured hard clams were planted at two sites in Jamaica Bay, New York during the fall in the years of 2001, 2002, and 2004, to investigate the magnitude and mechanisms of action of over-winter mortality through the winter and spring. Measurements of temperature, chlorophyll-a, and total clam biochemical composition were conducted to identify any correlations with over-winter mortality. The field data indicate that a mild winter (2001–2002) results in negligible mortality. Similarly, a severe winter (2004–2005) followed by a spring in which the rise in water temperature coincides with high food (chlorophyll-a) levels also results in low mortality. In contrast, significant mortality (up to 0.99% per day) occurs in the spring following a severe winter (2002–2003), at a time when water temperatures are rising but food levels are low (Chl-a<3 µg L−1). During this period a rapid decline of carbohydrate content is observed, suggesting the use of energy reserves to maintain metabolic activity. Mortality is associated with carbohydrate levels below 10% of the tissue dry weight. Therefore, it appears that significant mortality of juvenile aquacultured hard clams occurs when phytoplankton abundance is low as water temperature is increasing during the spring. It would be more appropriate to refer to this phenomena as a winter–spring mortality.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0044-8486</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1873-5622</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.12.001</identifier><identifier>CODEN: AQCLAL</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Amsterdam: Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>Animal aquaculture ; animal growth ; Animal productions ; Aquaculture ; Biological and medical sciences ; Carbohydrate content ; Carbohydrates ; chemical composition ; clams ; condition index ; energy metabolism ; food availability ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; General aspects ; Jamaica bay ; Marine ; Mercenaria mercenaria ; mollusc culture ; Mortality ; Over-winter mortality ; overwintering ; seasonal variation ; Shellfish ; Temperature effects ; water temperature ; Winter–spring mortality</subject><ispartof>Aquaculture, 2008-02, Vol.274 (2-4), p.281-291</ispartof><rights>2007 Elsevier B.V.</rights><rights>2008 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright Elsevier Sequoia S.A. Feb 5, 2008</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c464t-d0a97ac30522cf013049cf436cd22a8b421f8a2067b14110c641ba14789c39c13</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c464t-d0a97ac30522cf013049cf436cd22a8b421f8a2067b14110c641ba14789c39c13</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044848607011684$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3536,27903,27904,65309</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=20121271$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Zarnoch, Chester B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schreibman, Martin P.</creatorcontrib><title>Influence of temperature and food availability on the biochemical composition and mortality of juvenile Mercenaria mercenaria (L.) during the over-winter period</title><title>Aquaculture</title><description>Over-winter mortality of juvenile aquacultured northern quahogs (=hard clams), Mercenaria mercenaria, is a significant problem for the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast aquaculturists. Although protecting seed from predators improves survival, significant mortalities still frequently exceed 50%. The mortality has been attributed to severe winter temperatures, however, this suggestion has yet to be systematically investigated. We hypothesize that extended periods of low water temperatures (<5 °C) will result in reduced hard clam pumping, and a subsequent increase in the use of energy stores for metabolism. This would then lead to demise in physiological condition and cause mortality in the spring when water temperatures increase, food levels are low and metabolic demand is high. In this study, juvenile aquacultured hard clams were planted at two sites in Jamaica Bay, New York during the fall in the years of 2001, 2002, and 2004, to investigate the magnitude and mechanisms of action of over-winter mortality through the winter and spring. Measurements of temperature, chlorophyll-a, and total clam biochemical composition were conducted to identify any correlations with over-winter mortality. The field data indicate that a mild winter (2001–2002) results in negligible mortality. Similarly, a severe winter (2004–2005) followed by a spring in which the rise in water temperature coincides with high food (chlorophyll-a) levels also results in low mortality. In contrast, significant mortality (up to 0.99% per day) occurs in the spring following a severe winter (2002–2003), at a time when water temperatures are rising but food levels are low (Chl-a<3 µg L−1). During this period a rapid decline of carbohydrate content is observed, suggesting the use of energy reserves to maintain metabolic activity. Mortality is associated with carbohydrate levels below 10% of the tissue dry weight. Therefore, it appears that significant mortality of juvenile aquacultured hard clams occurs when phytoplankton abundance is low as water temperature is increasing during the spring. It would be more appropriate to refer to this phenomena as a winter–spring mortality.</description><subject>Animal aquaculture</subject><subject>animal growth</subject><subject>Animal productions</subject><subject>Aquaculture</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Carbohydrate content</subject><subject>Carbohydrates</subject><subject>chemical composition</subject><subject>clams</subject><subject>condition index</subject><subject>energy metabolism</subject><subject>food availability</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>General aspects</subject><subject>Jamaica bay</subject><subject>Marine</subject><subject>Mercenaria mercenaria</subject><subject>mollusc culture</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>Over-winter mortality</subject><subject>overwintering</subject><subject>seasonal variation</subject><subject>Shellfish</subject><subject>Temperature effects</subject><subject>water temperature</subject><subject>Winter–spring mortality</subject><issn>0044-8486</issn><issn>1873-5622</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2008</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqNksFu1DAQhiMEEkvhGTBIoHJImHGcxHtEKyiVFnGAnq1Zx269SuytnSzq2_CoOGwFiAucbMnf_B7P56J4gVAhYPt2X9HtTHoepjmaigN0FfIKAB8UK5RdXTYt5w-LFYAQpRSyfVw8SWkPAG3b4Kr4funtMBuvDQuWTWY8mEhLFiPfMxtCz-hIbqCdG9x0x4Jn041hOxf0jRmdpoHpMB5CcpPLZ0vRGOJEJ9iy_Xw03g2GfTJRG0_RERt_b8-31RvWz9H565-54Whi-c35yUSWO3Ghf1o8sjQk8-x-PSuuPrz_uvlYbj9fXG7ebUstWjGVPdC6I11Dw7m2gDWItbaibnXPOcmd4GglcWi7HQpE0K3AHaHo5FrXa431WfH6lHuI4XY2aVKjS9oMA3kT5qQ4yJYLIf8JopCNbLDO4Mu_wH2Yo8-PyGGiw050IkPrE6RjSCkaqw7RjRTvFIJaDKu9-sOwWgwr5CobzrWv7i-glEXYSF679CuAA3Lk3cI9P3GWgqLrmJmrL3yZEcgOmw4ysTkRJk_46ExUSbvlU_QuGj2pPrj_6OcH-PvNXQ</recordid><startdate>20080205</startdate><enddate>20080205</enddate><creator>Zarnoch, Chester B.</creator><creator>Schreibman, Martin P.</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><general>Amsterdam: Elsevier Science</general><general>Elsevier Science</general><general>Elsevier Sequoia S.A</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QR</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7TN</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>H95</scope><scope>H98</scope><scope>H99</scope><scope>L.F</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>SOI</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20080205</creationdate><title>Influence of temperature and food availability on the biochemical composition and mortality of juvenile Mercenaria mercenaria (L.) during the over-winter period</title><author>Zarnoch, Chester B. ; Schreibman, Martin P.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c464t-d0a97ac30522cf013049cf436cd22a8b421f8a2067b14110c641ba14789c39c13</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2008</creationdate><topic>Animal aquaculture</topic><topic>animal growth</topic><topic>Animal productions</topic><topic>Aquaculture</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Carbohydrate content</topic><topic>Carbohydrates</topic><topic>chemical composition</topic><topic>clams</topic><topic>condition index</topic><topic>energy metabolism</topic><topic>food availability</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>General aspects</topic><topic>Jamaica bay</topic><topic>Marine</topic><topic>Mercenaria mercenaria</topic><topic>mollusc culture</topic><topic>Mortality</topic><topic>Over-winter mortality</topic><topic>overwintering</topic><topic>seasonal variation</topic><topic>Shellfish</topic><topic>Temperature effects</topic><topic>water temperature</topic><topic>Winter–spring mortality</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Zarnoch, Chester B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schreibman, Martin P.</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Oceanic Abstracts</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 1: Biological Sciences & Living Resources</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Aquaculture Abstracts</collection><collection>ASFA: Marine Biotechnology Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Marine Biotechnology Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Aquaculture</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Zarnoch, Chester B.</au><au>Schreibman, Martin P.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Influence of temperature and food availability on the biochemical composition and mortality of juvenile Mercenaria mercenaria (L.) during the over-winter period</atitle><jtitle>Aquaculture</jtitle><date>2008-02-05</date><risdate>2008</risdate><volume>274</volume><issue>2-4</issue><spage>281</spage><epage>291</epage><pages>281-291</pages><issn>0044-8486</issn><eissn>1873-5622</eissn><coden>AQCLAL</coden><abstract>Over-winter mortality of juvenile aquacultured northern quahogs (=hard clams), Mercenaria mercenaria, is a significant problem for the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast aquaculturists. Although protecting seed from predators improves survival, significant mortalities still frequently exceed 50%. The mortality has been attributed to severe winter temperatures, however, this suggestion has yet to be systematically investigated. We hypothesize that extended periods of low water temperatures (<5 °C) will result in reduced hard clam pumping, and a subsequent increase in the use of energy stores for metabolism. This would then lead to demise in physiological condition and cause mortality in the spring when water temperatures increase, food levels are low and metabolic demand is high. In this study, juvenile aquacultured hard clams were planted at two sites in Jamaica Bay, New York during the fall in the years of 2001, 2002, and 2004, to investigate the magnitude and mechanisms of action of over-winter mortality through the winter and spring. Measurements of temperature, chlorophyll-a, and total clam biochemical composition were conducted to identify any correlations with over-winter mortality. The field data indicate that a mild winter (2001–2002) results in negligible mortality. Similarly, a severe winter (2004–2005) followed by a spring in which the rise in water temperature coincides with high food (chlorophyll-a) levels also results in low mortality. In contrast, significant mortality (up to 0.99% per day) occurs in the spring following a severe winter (2002–2003), at a time when water temperatures are rising but food levels are low (Chl-a<3 µg L−1). During this period a rapid decline of carbohydrate content is observed, suggesting the use of energy reserves to maintain metabolic activity. Mortality is associated with carbohydrate levels below 10% of the tissue dry weight. Therefore, it appears that significant mortality of juvenile aquacultured hard clams occurs when phytoplankton abundance is low as water temperature is increasing during the spring. It would be more appropriate to refer to this phenomena as a winter–spring mortality.</abstract><cop>Amsterdam</cop><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><doi>10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.12.001</doi><tpages>11</tpages></addata></record> |
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| source | Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals |
| subjects | Animal aquaculture animal growth Animal productions Aquaculture Biological and medical sciences Carbohydrate content Carbohydrates chemical composition clams condition index energy metabolism food availability Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General aspects Jamaica bay Marine Mercenaria mercenaria mollusc culture Mortality Over-winter mortality overwintering seasonal variation Shellfish Temperature effects water temperature Winter–spring mortality |
| title | Influence of temperature and food availability on the biochemical composition and mortality of juvenile Mercenaria mercenaria (L.) during the over-winter period |
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