long-lasting topical deltamethrin treatment to protect dogs against visceral leishmaniasis

To develop long-lasting, topical pour-on insecticides for dogs to control zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis, two deltamethrin-based formulations (emulsifiable concentrate [EC] and suspension concentrate [SC]) were tested for their efficacy against the phlebotomine sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis Lutz &#...

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Veröffentlicht in:Medical and veterinary entomology 2009-09, Vol.23 (3), p.245-256
Hauptverfasser: COURTENAY, O, KOVACIC, V, GOMES, P.A.F, GARCEZ, L.M, QUINNELL, R.J
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container_issue 3
container_start_page 245
container_title Medical and veterinary entomology
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creator COURTENAY, O
KOVACIC, V
GOMES, P.A.F
GARCEZ, L.M
QUINNELL, R.J
description To develop long-lasting, topical pour-on insecticides for dogs to control zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis, two deltamethrin-based formulations (emulsifiable concentrate [EC] and suspension concentrate [SC]) were tested for their efficacy against the phlebotomine sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis Lutz '' Neiva (Diptera: Psychodidae), vector of Leishmania infantum Nicolle (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae). The entomological outcomes tested were anti-feeding effect (proportion of female sandflies unfed), lethal effect (24-h female sandfly mortality) and these two effects combined, and the insecticide persistence time at 50% (residual activity, RA₅₀) and 80% (RA₈₀) efficacy. On initial application, the proportions of female flies that demonstrated anti-feeding activity or were killed were similar for both formulations, at 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.856-0.977) vs. 0.81 (95% CI 0.763-0.858) (anti-feeding) and 0.86 (95% CI 0.787-0.920) vs. 0.76 (95% CI 0.698-0.817) (24-h mortality) for EC and SC, respectively. The RA₅₀ rates for anti-feeding and mortality caused by the EC formulation were 4.7 months (95% CI 4.18-5.84) and 2.5 months (95% CI 2.25-2.90), respectively, compared with 1.1 months (95% CI 0.96-1.15) and 0.6 months (95% CI 0.50-0.61), respectively, for the SC formulation. The RA₅₀ for the combined anti-feeding and mortality effects of EC was 5.2 months (95% CI 4.73-5.96), compared with only 0.9 months (95% CI 0.85-1.00) for the SC formulation. The four- to six-fold superior residual activity of the EC formulation was attributed to the addition of a solvent-soluble resin in the formulation which improved fur adhesion and acted as a reservoir for the slow release of the active ingredient. These results identify the potential of such a low-cost formulation to reduce the inter-intervention interval to 5-6 months, similar to that recommended for deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars or for re-impregnation of conventional bednets, both of which are currently used to combat Leishmania transmission. Finally, a novel bioassay was developed in which sandflies were exposed to fur from treated dogs, revealing no detectable tolerance (24-h mortality) in wild-caught sandflies to the insecticide formulations up to 8 months after the initiation of communitywide application of the insecticides to dogs.
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The entomological outcomes tested were anti-feeding effect (proportion of female sandflies unfed), lethal effect (24-h female sandfly mortality) and these two effects combined, and the insecticide persistence time at 50% (residual activity, RA₅₀) and 80% (RA₈₀) efficacy. On initial application, the proportions of female flies that demonstrated anti-feeding activity or were killed were similar for both formulations, at 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.856-0.977) vs. 0.81 (95% CI 0.763-0.858) (anti-feeding) and 0.86 (95% CI 0.787-0.920) vs. 0.76 (95% CI 0.698-0.817) (24-h mortality) for EC and SC, respectively. The RA₅₀ rates for anti-feeding and mortality caused by the EC formulation were 4.7 months (95% CI 4.18-5.84) and 2.5 months (95% CI 2.25-2.90), respectively, compared with 1.1 months (95% CI 0.96-1.15) and 0.6 months (95% CI 0.50-0.61), respectively, for the SC formulation. 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dosage</subject><subject>Insecticides - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Kinetoplastida</subject><subject>Leishmania</subject><subject>Leishmania infantum</subject><subject>Leishmaniasis, Visceral - epidemiology</subject><subject>Leishmaniasis, Visceral - prevention &amp; control</subject><subject>Leishmaniasis, Visceral - veterinary</subject><subject>Lutzomyia longipalpis</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>mortality</subject><subject>Nitriles - administration &amp; dosage</subject><subject>Nitriles - therapeutic use</subject><subject>pesticide persistence</subject><subject>pour-on formulations</subject><subject>Psychodidae</subject><subject>Pyrethrins - administration &amp; dosage</subject><subject>Pyrethrins - therapeutic use</subject><subject>pyrethroid</subject><subject>Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic</subject><subject>residual effects</subject><subject>sandfly</subject><subject>topical application</subject><subject>transmission</subject><subject>Trypanosomatidae</subject><subject>vector</subject><subject>vector control</subject><subject>visceral leishmaniasis</subject><subject>zoonosis</subject><issn>0269-283X</issn><issn>1365-2915</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2009</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkE1v1DAQhi0EokvhL0BO3LJ47DgfEheoSgtaPiQoIC7WJJmkXpxka3th--9xyKpc8cUjzfuMxw9jCfA1xPNiuwaZq1RUoNaC82rNeRnLwz22umvcZysu8ioVpfx-wh55v-UcikqIh-wEqgIEKLViP-w09qlFH8zYJ2HamQZt0pINOFC4dmZMgiMMA40htpOdmwI1IWmn3ifYoxl9SH4Z35CLnCXjrwccDXrjH7MHHVpPT473Kbt6c_7l7DLdfLx4e_ZqkzZZzlXaUtvVQraFkg0oQTV0gIIr6IjqrKWSckCEuqGCyiwrW9lJyEByzFT8RilP2fNlbtztZk8-6GHex1ocadp7LXhRVDlUMVguwcZN3jvq9M6ZAd2tBq5nr3qrZ3161qdnr_qvV32I6NPjG_t6oPYfeBQZAy-XwG9j6fa_B-v3X89jEfF0wY0PdLjD0f3UeSELpb99uNCf-Du5eS0yfRnzz5Z8h5PG3hmvrz4LHq1AnucChPwDatSgjA</recordid><startdate>200909</startdate><enddate>200909</enddate><creator>COURTENAY, O</creator><creator>KOVACIC, V</creator><creator>GOMES, P.A.F</creator><creator>GARCEZ, L.M</creator><creator>QUINNELL, R.J</creator><general>Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>M7N</scope></search><sort><creationdate>200909</creationdate><title>long-lasting topical deltamethrin treatment to protect dogs against visceral leishmaniasis</title><author>COURTENAY, O ; 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control</topic><topic>Leishmaniasis, Visceral - veterinary</topic><topic>Lutzomyia longipalpis</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>mortality</topic><topic>Nitriles - administration &amp; dosage</topic><topic>Nitriles - therapeutic use</topic><topic>pesticide persistence</topic><topic>pour-on formulations</topic><topic>Psychodidae</topic><topic>Pyrethrins - administration &amp; dosage</topic><topic>Pyrethrins - therapeutic use</topic><topic>pyrethroid</topic><topic>Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic</topic><topic>residual effects</topic><topic>sandfly</topic><topic>topical application</topic><topic>transmission</topic><topic>Trypanosomatidae</topic><topic>vector</topic><topic>vector control</topic><topic>visceral leishmaniasis</topic><topic>zoonosis</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>COURTENAY, O</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>KOVACIC, V</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>GOMES, P.A.F</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>GARCEZ, L.M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>QUINNELL, R.J</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><jtitle>Medical and veterinary entomology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>COURTENAY, O</au><au>KOVACIC, V</au><au>GOMES, P.A.F</au><au>GARCEZ, L.M</au><au>QUINNELL, R.J</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>long-lasting topical deltamethrin treatment to protect dogs against visceral leishmaniasis</atitle><jtitle>Medical and veterinary entomology</jtitle><addtitle>Med Vet Entomol</addtitle><date>2009-09</date><risdate>2009</risdate><volume>23</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>245</spage><epage>256</epage><pages>245-256</pages><issn>0269-283X</issn><eissn>1365-2915</eissn><abstract>To develop long-lasting, topical pour-on insecticides for dogs to control zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis, two deltamethrin-based formulations (emulsifiable concentrate [EC] and suspension concentrate [SC]) were tested for their efficacy against the phlebotomine sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis Lutz '' Neiva (Diptera: Psychodidae), vector of Leishmania infantum Nicolle (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae). 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Finally, a novel bioassay was developed in which sandflies were exposed to fur from treated dogs, revealing no detectable tolerance (24-h mortality) in wild-caught sandflies to the insecticide formulations up to 8 months after the initiation of communitywide application of the insecticides to dogs.</abstract><cop>Oxford, UK</cop><pub>Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><pmid>19712155</pmid><doi>10.1111/j.1365-2915.2009.00815.x</doi><tpages>12</tpages></addata></record>
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source Wiley Online Library - AutoHoldings Journals; MEDLINE
subjects Administration, Topical
Animals
antifeeding activity
biting rates
Brazil - epidemiology
control
deltamethrin
Diptera
disease prevention
Dog Diseases - parasitology
Dog Diseases - prevention & control
Dogs
Female
Hair - parasitology
Housing, Animal
Humans
Informed Consent
insect vectors
insecticide
Insecticides - administration & dosage
Insecticides - therapeutic use
Kinetoplastida
Leishmania
Leishmania infantum
Leishmaniasis, Visceral - epidemiology
Leishmaniasis, Visceral - prevention & control
Leishmaniasis, Visceral - veterinary
Lutzomyia longipalpis
Male
mortality
Nitriles - administration & dosage
Nitriles - therapeutic use
pesticide persistence
pour-on formulations
Psychodidae
Pyrethrins - administration & dosage
Pyrethrins - therapeutic use
pyrethroid
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
residual effects
sandfly
topical application
transmission
Trypanosomatidae
vector
vector control
visceral leishmaniasis
zoonosis
title long-lasting topical deltamethrin treatment to protect dogs against visceral leishmaniasis
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