Groundwater quality in open-defecation-free villages (NIRMAL grams) of Kurukshetra district, Haryana, India
Groundwater is an indispensable natural resource for drinking water, generally in rural areas due to unavailability of treated water. The study was designed to investigate the groundwater quality in nine open-defecation-free (ODF) villages (Nirmal Grams) of Kurukshetra district, Haryana, India. For...
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| description | Groundwater is an indispensable natural resource for drinking water, generally in rural areas due to unavailability of treated water. The study was designed to investigate the groundwater quality in nine open-defecation-free (ODF) villages (Nirmal Grams) of Kurukshetra district, Haryana, India. For the research, 81 groundwater samples were collected from different borewells of Nirmal Grams during pre-monsoon (PRM), monsoon (MON), and post-monsoon (POM) seasons and were analyzed for 13 water quality parameters, i.e., pH, EC, TDS, Cl
−
, TH, Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
, Na
+
, K
+
, HCO
3
−
, F
−
, SO
4
2−
, and PO
4
2−
, using standard methods. The Water Quality Index (WQI) was calculated from the analyzed parameters and the results were compared with the World Health Organization (WHO
2011
) and the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS
2012
) in order to have an overview of the groundwater quality. The concentration of major anions and cations was found to be in the order of HCO
3
−
> Cl
−
> SO
4
2−
> F
−
> PO
4
2−
and Ca
2+
> Na
+
> K
+
> Mg
2+
, respectively. Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 was used for statistical analysis, Aquachem 2014 software (trial version) was used for Piper diagram, Box-Whisker plot, Schoeller, and Gibbs diagram, whereas WQI was calculated manually. The values of WQI in the study area were ranged between 32.08 and 88.38 in PRM, 46.62 and 102.33 in MON, and 34.99 and 79.81 in POM seasons, respectively. Groundwater quality index reveals that the majority of the samples fall under ‘good’ to ‘excellent’ water category. It indicates that the groundwater is suitable for drinking and other domestic uses. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s10661-018-6852-7 |
| format | Article |
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−
, TH, Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
, Na
+
, K
+
, HCO
3
−
, F
−
, SO
4
2−
, and PO
4
2−
, using standard methods. The Water Quality Index (WQI) was calculated from the analyzed parameters and the results were compared with the World Health Organization (WHO
2011
) and the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS
2012
) in order to have an overview of the groundwater quality. The concentration of major anions and cations was found to be in the order of HCO
3
−
> Cl
−
> SO
4
2−
> F
−
> PO
4
2−
and Ca
2+
> Na
+
> K
+
> Mg
2+
, respectively. Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 was used for statistical analysis, Aquachem 2014 software (trial version) was used for Piper diagram, Box-Whisker plot, Schoeller, and Gibbs diagram, whereas WQI was calculated manually. The values of WQI in the study area were ranged between 32.08 and 88.38 in PRM, 46.62 and 102.33 in MON, and 34.99 and 79.81 in POM seasons, respectively. Groundwater quality index reveals that the majority of the samples fall under ‘good’ to ‘excellent’ water category. It indicates that the groundwater is suitable for drinking and other domestic uses.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0167-6369</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1573-2959</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6852-7</identifier><identifier>PMID: 30022310</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer International Publishing</publisher><subject>Anions ; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution ; Calcium ; Calcium ions ; Cations ; Defaecation ; Defecation ; Drinking water ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Ecology ; Ecotoxicology ; Environment ; Environmental Management ; Environmental monitoring ; Environmental Monitoring - methods ; Environmental science ; Groundwater ; Groundwater - analysis ; Groundwater - chemistry ; Groundwater quality ; India ; Magnesium ; Mathematical analysis ; Monitoring/Environmental Analysis ; Monsoons ; Natural resources ; Organizations ; Parameters ; Rain ; Rural areas ; Seasons ; Social sciences ; Sodium - analysis ; Statistical analysis ; Statistical methods ; Statistics ; Treated water ; Water analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis ; Water Purification ; Water quality ; Water Quality - standards ; Water sampling ; Water Supply ; Wind</subject><ispartof>Environmental monitoring and assessment, 2018-08, Vol.190 (8), p.472-17, Article 472</ispartof><rights>Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018</rights><rights>Environmental Monitoring and Assessment is a copyright of Springer, (2018). All Rights Reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c372t-53b175c937cf38ca415ac0c491db055aef0e54f25f952c17eb0dbf154576791f3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c372t-53b175c937cf38ca415ac0c491db055aef0e54f25f952c17eb0dbf154576791f3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-5130-5205</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10661-018-6852-7$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10661-018-6852-7$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30022310$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Malan, Anjali</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sharma, Hardeep Rai</creatorcontrib><title>Groundwater quality in open-defecation-free villages (NIRMAL grams) of Kurukshetra district, Haryana, India</title><title>Environmental monitoring and assessment</title><addtitle>Environ Monit Assess</addtitle><addtitle>Environ Monit Assess</addtitle><description>Groundwater is an indispensable natural resource for drinking water, generally in rural areas due to unavailability of treated water. The study was designed to investigate the groundwater quality in nine open-defecation-free (ODF) villages (Nirmal Grams) of Kurukshetra district, Haryana, India. For the research, 81 groundwater samples were collected from different borewells of Nirmal Grams during pre-monsoon (PRM), monsoon (MON), and post-monsoon (POM) seasons and were analyzed for 13 water quality parameters, i.e., pH, EC, TDS, Cl
−
, TH, Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
, Na
+
, K
+
, HCO
3
−
, F
−
, SO
4
2−
, and PO
4
2−
, using standard methods. The Water Quality Index (WQI) was calculated from the analyzed parameters and the results were compared with the World Health Organization (WHO
2011
) and the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS
2012
) in order to have an overview of the groundwater quality. The concentration of major anions and cations was found to be in the order of HCO
3
−
> Cl
−
> SO
4
2−
> F
−
> PO
4
2−
and Ca
2+
> Na
+
> K
+
> Mg
2+
, respectively. Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 was used for statistical analysis, Aquachem 2014 software (trial version) was used for Piper diagram, Box-Whisker plot, Schoeller, and Gibbs diagram, whereas WQI was calculated manually. The values of WQI in the study area were ranged between 32.08 and 88.38 in PRM, 46.62 and 102.33 in MON, and 34.99 and 79.81 in POM seasons, respectively. Groundwater quality index reveals that the majority of the samples fall under ‘good’ to ‘excellent’ water category. It indicates that the groundwater is suitable for drinking and other domestic uses.</description><subject>Anions</subject><subject>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</subject><subject>Calcium</subject><subject>Calcium ions</subject><subject>Cations</subject><subject>Defaecation</subject><subject>Defecation</subject><subject>Drinking water</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Ecology</subject><subject>Ecotoxicology</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental Management</subject><subject>Environmental monitoring</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring - methods</subject><subject>Environmental science</subject><subject>Groundwater</subject><subject>Groundwater - analysis</subject><subject>Groundwater - chemistry</subject><subject>Groundwater quality</subject><subject>India</subject><subject>Magnesium</subject><subject>Mathematical analysis</subject><subject>Monitoring/Environmental Analysis</subject><subject>Monsoons</subject><subject>Natural resources</subject><subject>Organizations</subject><subject>Parameters</subject><subject>Rain</subject><subject>Rural areas</subject><subject>Seasons</subject><subject>Social sciences</subject><subject>Sodium - analysis</subject><subject>Statistical analysis</subject><subject>Statistical methods</subject><subject>Statistics</subject><subject>Treated water</subject><subject>Water analysis</subject><subject>Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis</subject><subject>Water Purification</subject><subject>Water quality</subject><subject>Water Quality - standards</subject><subject>Water sampling</subject><subject>Water Supply</subject><subject>Wind</subject><issn>0167-6369</issn><issn>1573-2959</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2018</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kV9rFDEUxYModlv9AL5IwJcKjd6bTCaTx1Jqu7gqiD6HTCZZ0-5mtsmM0m_fLFsVBJ_uw_2dc_8cQl4hvEMA9b4gtC0ywI61neRMPSELlEowrqV-ShaArWKtaPUROS7lBgC0avRzciQAOBcIC3J7lcc5Db_s5DO9m-0mTvc0JjrufGKDD97ZKY6Jhew9_Rk3G7v2hZ5-Xn79dL6i62y35S0dA_045_m2_PBTtnSIZcrRTWf02uZ7m-wZXaYh2hfkWbCb4l8-1hPy_cPlt4trtvpytbw4XzEnFJ-YFD0q6bRQLojO2QaldeAajUMPUlofwMsmcBm05A6V72HoA8pGqlZpDOKEnB58d3m8m32ZzDYW5-vuyY9zMRwUx05IxIq--Qe9Geec6nZ7CptGdaKrFB4ol8dSsg9ml-O23mYQzD4Jc0jC1CTMPgmjqub1o_Pcb_3wR_H79RXgB6DUVlr7_Hf0_10fACtakpQ</recordid><startdate>20180801</startdate><enddate>20180801</enddate><creator>Malan, Anjali</creator><creator>Sharma, Hardeep Rai</creator><general>Springer International Publishing</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QH</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TN</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>7WY</scope><scope>7WZ</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>87Z</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8FL</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BEZIV</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FRNLG</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>F~G</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H97</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K60</scope><scope>K6~</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L.-</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M0C</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PQBIZ</scope><scope>PQBZA</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5130-5205</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20180801</creationdate><title>Groundwater quality in open-defecation-free villages (NIRMAL grams) of Kurukshetra district, Haryana, India</title><author>Malan, Anjali ; Sharma, Hardeep Rai</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c372t-53b175c937cf38ca415ac0c491db055aef0e54f25f952c17eb0dbf154576791f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><topic>Anions</topic><topic>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</topic><topic>Calcium</topic><topic>Calcium ions</topic><topic>Cations</topic><topic>Defaecation</topic><topic>Defecation</topic><topic>Drinking water</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Ecology</topic><topic>Ecotoxicology</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Environmental Management</topic><topic>Environmental monitoring</topic><topic>Environmental Monitoring - methods</topic><topic>Environmental science</topic><topic>Groundwater</topic><topic>Groundwater - analysis</topic><topic>Groundwater - chemistry</topic><topic>Groundwater quality</topic><topic>India</topic><topic>Magnesium</topic><topic>Mathematical analysis</topic><topic>Monitoring/Environmental Analysis</topic><topic>Monsoons</topic><topic>Natural resources</topic><topic>Organizations</topic><topic>Parameters</topic><topic>Rain</topic><topic>Rural areas</topic><topic>Seasons</topic><topic>Social sciences</topic><topic>Sodium - analysis</topic><topic>Statistical analysis</topic><topic>Statistical methods</topic><topic>Statistics</topic><topic>Treated water</topic><topic>Water analysis</topic><topic>Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis</topic><topic>Water Purification</topic><topic>Water quality</topic><topic>Water Quality - standards</topic><topic>Water sampling</topic><topic>Water Supply</topic><topic>Wind</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Malan, Anjali</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sharma, Hardeep Rai</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Aqualine</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Oceanic Abstracts</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>Access via ABI/INFORM (ProQuest)</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Global (PDF only)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Global (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Business Premium Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Business Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Global (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Business Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Business Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - 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Academic</collection><jtitle>Environmental monitoring and assessment</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Malan, Anjali</au><au>Sharma, Hardeep Rai</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Groundwater quality in open-defecation-free villages (NIRMAL grams) of Kurukshetra district, Haryana, India</atitle><jtitle>Environmental monitoring and assessment</jtitle><stitle>Environ Monit Assess</stitle><addtitle>Environ Monit Assess</addtitle><date>2018-08-01</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>190</volume><issue>8</issue><spage>472</spage><epage>17</epage><pages>472-17</pages><artnum>472</artnum><issn>0167-6369</issn><eissn>1573-2959</eissn><abstract>Groundwater is an indispensable natural resource for drinking water, generally in rural areas due to unavailability of treated water. The study was designed to investigate the groundwater quality in nine open-defecation-free (ODF) villages (Nirmal Grams) of Kurukshetra district, Haryana, India. For the research, 81 groundwater samples were collected from different borewells of Nirmal Grams during pre-monsoon (PRM), monsoon (MON), and post-monsoon (POM) seasons and were analyzed for 13 water quality parameters, i.e., pH, EC, TDS, Cl
−
, TH, Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
, Na
+
, K
+
, HCO
3
−
, F
−
, SO
4
2−
, and PO
4
2−
, using standard methods. The Water Quality Index (WQI) was calculated from the analyzed parameters and the results were compared with the World Health Organization (WHO
2011
) and the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS
2012
) in order to have an overview of the groundwater quality. The concentration of major anions and cations was found to be in the order of HCO
3
−
> Cl
−
> SO
4
2−
> F
−
> PO
4
2−
and Ca
2+
> Na
+
> K
+
> Mg
2+
, respectively. Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 was used for statistical analysis, Aquachem 2014 software (trial version) was used for Piper diagram, Box-Whisker plot, Schoeller, and Gibbs diagram, whereas WQI was calculated manually. The values of WQI in the study area were ranged between 32.08 and 88.38 in PRM, 46.62 and 102.33 in MON, and 34.99 and 79.81 in POM seasons, respectively. Groundwater quality index reveals that the majority of the samples fall under ‘good’ to ‘excellent’ water category. It indicates that the groundwater is suitable for drinking and other domestic uses.</abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Springer International Publishing</pub><pmid>30022310</pmid><doi>10.1007/s10661-018-6852-7</doi><tpages>17</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5130-5205</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Environmental monitoring and assessment, 2018-08, Vol.190 (8), p.472-17, Article 472 |
| issn | 0167-6369 1573-2959 |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings |
| subjects | Anions Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution Calcium Calcium ions Cations Defaecation Defecation Drinking water Earth and Environmental Science Ecology Ecotoxicology Environment Environmental Management Environmental monitoring Environmental Monitoring - methods Environmental science Groundwater Groundwater - analysis Groundwater - chemistry Groundwater quality India Magnesium Mathematical analysis Monitoring/Environmental Analysis Monsoons Natural resources Organizations Parameters Rain Rural areas Seasons Social sciences Sodium - analysis Statistical analysis Statistical methods Statistics Treated water Water analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis Water Purification Water quality Water Quality - standards Water sampling Water Supply Wind |
| title | Groundwater quality in open-defecation-free villages (NIRMAL grams) of Kurukshetra district, Haryana, India |
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