Cryptosporidium and Giardia in swimming pools in the Netherlands
The occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in indoor swimming pools in the Netherlands was studied at five locations. The backwash water from seven pool filters was analysed for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts for a period of 1 year. Of the 153 samples of filter backwash...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of water and health 2004-09, Vol.2 (3), p.191-200 |
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| creator | Schets, F M Engels, G B Evers, E G |
| description | The occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in indoor swimming pools in the Netherlands was studied at five locations. The backwash water from seven pool filters was analysed for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts for a period of 1 year. Of the 153 samples of filter backwash water analysed, 18 (11.8%) were found positive for either Cryptosporidium (4.6%), Giardia (5.9%) or both (1.3%). Oocysts and cysts were also detected in the water of one toddler pool and one learner pool. Although most of the (oo)cysts in the filter backwash water were dead, viable and potentially infectious oocysts were detected in the learner pool. On the basis of numbers of potentially infectious (oo)cysts detected in the learner pool, and assuming one visit to an infected pool per year, risk assessment indicated an estimated risk of infection with Cryptosporidium that exceeded the generally accepted risk of one infection per 10,000 persons per year. Guidelines for pool operators on how to manage faecal accidents and public information on the importance of hygiene in swimming pool complexes are recommended tools in controlling the risk of infection. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.2166/wh.2004.0017 |
| format | Article |
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The backwash water from seven pool filters was analysed for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts for a period of 1 year. Of the 153 samples of filter backwash water analysed, 18 (11.8%) were found positive for either Cryptosporidium (4.6%), Giardia (5.9%) or both (1.3%). Oocysts and cysts were also detected in the water of one toddler pool and one learner pool. Although most of the (oo)cysts in the filter backwash water were dead, viable and potentially infectious oocysts were detected in the learner pool. On the basis of numbers of potentially infectious (oo)cysts detected in the learner pool, and assuming one visit to an infected pool per year, risk assessment indicated an estimated risk of infection with Cryptosporidium that exceeded the generally accepted risk of one infection per 10,000 persons per year. Guidelines for pool operators on how to manage faecal accidents and public information on the importance of hygiene in swimming pool complexes are recommended tools in controlling the risk of infection.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1477-8920</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1996-7829</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.2166/wh.2004.0017</identifier><identifier>PMID: 15497815</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: IWA Publishing</publisher><subject>Animals ; Backwash ; Cryptosporidium ; Cryptosporidium - isolation & purification ; Cysts ; Enterobacteriaceae - isolation & purification ; Environmental Monitoring - methods ; Feces - microbiology ; Giardia ; Giardia - isolation & purification ; Health risks ; Hygiene ; Immunomagnetic Separation ; Infections ; Netherlands ; Oocysts ; Oocysts - isolation & purification ; Protozoa ; Public information ; Recreation ; Recreational swimming ; Risk acceptance ; Risk assessment ; Risk Assessment - methods ; Risk management ; Swimming ; Swimming Pools ; Water - parasitology ; Water Microbiology ; Water Pollutants - analysis ; Water purification</subject><ispartof>Journal of water and health, 2004-09, Vol.2 (3), p.191-200</ispartof><rights>Copyright IWA Publishing Sep 2004</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c417t-d1f1f69a786f0131bb24d4b594010be0ccf6760110ca9707b2615e267f1ec8aa3</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>315,781,785,27926,27927</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15497815$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Schets, F M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Engels, G B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Evers, E G</creatorcontrib><title>Cryptosporidium and Giardia in swimming pools in the Netherlands</title><title>Journal of water and health</title><addtitle>J Water Health</addtitle><description>The occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in indoor swimming pools in the Netherlands was studied at five locations. The backwash water from seven pool filters was analysed for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts for a period of 1 year. Of the 153 samples of filter backwash water analysed, 18 (11.8%) were found positive for either Cryptosporidium (4.6%), Giardia (5.9%) or both (1.3%). Oocysts and cysts were also detected in the water of one toddler pool and one learner pool. Although most of the (oo)cysts in the filter backwash water were dead, viable and potentially infectious oocysts were detected in the learner pool. On the basis of numbers of potentially infectious (oo)cysts detected in the learner pool, and assuming one visit to an infected pool per year, risk assessment indicated an estimated risk of infection with Cryptosporidium that exceeded the generally accepted risk of one infection per 10,000 persons per year. Guidelines for pool operators on how to manage faecal accidents and public information on the importance of hygiene in swimming pool complexes are recommended tools in controlling the risk of infection.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Backwash</subject><subject>Cryptosporidium</subject><subject>Cryptosporidium - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Cysts</subject><subject>Enterobacteriaceae - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring - methods</subject><subject>Feces - microbiology</subject><subject>Giardia</subject><subject>Giardia - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>Hygiene</subject><subject>Immunomagnetic Separation</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Netherlands</subject><subject>Oocysts</subject><subject>Oocysts - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Protozoa</subject><subject>Public information</subject><subject>Recreation</subject><subject>Recreational swimming</subject><subject>Risk acceptance</subject><subject>Risk assessment</subject><subject>Risk Assessment - methods</subject><subject>Risk management</subject><subject>Swimming</subject><subject>Swimming Pools</subject><subject>Water - parasitology</subject><subject>Water Microbiology</subject><subject>Water Pollutants - analysis</subject><subject>Water purification</subject><issn>1477-8920</issn><issn>1996-7829</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2004</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkc1LAzEQxYMoVqs3z7IgeHLrTDabbG5K0SoUveg5ZHezNmW_TLqU_vdmaUHw4mVmGH48Zt4j5AphRpHz--1qRgHYDADFETlDKXksMiqPw8yEiDNJYULOvV8DUE5TekommDIpMkzPyMPc7fpN5_vO2dIOTaTbMlpY7UqrI9tGfmubxrZfUd91tR83m5WJ3kyorg6svyAnla69uTz0Kfl8fvqYv8TL98Xr_HEZFwzFJi6xwopLLTJeASaY55SVLE8lA4TcQFFUXHBAhEJLASKnHFNDuajQFJnWyZTc7nV7130Pxm9UY31h6nCE6QavKHApmKT_gsEU5EmSBfDmD7juBteGJxRKlkDGUg6ButtTheu8d6ZSvbONdjuFoMYA1HalxgDUGEDArw-iQ96Y8hc-OJ78AGgXfxE</recordid><startdate>20040901</startdate><enddate>20040901</enddate><creator>Schets, F M</creator><creator>Engels, G B</creator><creator>Evers, E G</creator><general>IWA Publishing</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QH</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H97</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>7TV</scope><scope>M7N</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20040901</creationdate><title>Cryptosporidium and Giardia in swimming pools in the Netherlands</title><author>Schets, F M ; 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| ispartof | Journal of water and health, 2004-09, Vol.2 (3), p.191-200 |
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| subjects | Animals Backwash Cryptosporidium Cryptosporidium - isolation & purification Cysts Enterobacteriaceae - isolation & purification Environmental Monitoring - methods Feces - microbiology Giardia Giardia - isolation & purification Health risks Hygiene Immunomagnetic Separation Infections Netherlands Oocysts Oocysts - isolation & purification Protozoa Public information Recreation Recreational swimming Risk acceptance Risk assessment Risk Assessment - methods Risk management Swimming Swimming Pools Water - parasitology Water Microbiology Water Pollutants - analysis Water purification |
| title | Cryptosporidium and Giardia in swimming pools in the Netherlands |
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