Variation in shoot mortality within crowns of severely defoliated Betula maximowicziana trees in Hokkaido, northern Japan

To clarify mortality patterns of current-year shoots within the crown of Betula maximowicziana Regel after severe insect herbivory in central Hokkaido, northern Japan, we investigated the degree of defoliation, pattern of shoot development, shoot mortality, and leaf tissue-water relations. One hundr...

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