The impact of organophosphate pesticides in orchards on earthworms in the Western Cape, South Africa
Earthworm population density was measured in and adjacent to an orchard in an agricultural area in the Western Cape, South Africa. Worm densities were very low in orchards (22/m 2) compared to adjacent uncultivated fields (152/m 2) at a distance from the orchards. The possible effect of organophosph...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Ecotoxicology and environmental safety 2007-02, Vol.66 (2), p.244-251 |
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| description | Earthworm population density was measured in and adjacent to an orchard in an agricultural area in the Western Cape, South Africa. Worm densities were very low in orchards (22/m
2) compared to adjacent uncultivated fields (152/m
2) at a distance from the orchards. The possible effect of organophosphate pesticides on the earthworms was investigated. Background soil concentrations of chlorpyrifos prior to the start of the spraying season were low (0.2–2.7
μg/kg) but persistent for up to 6 months after the last spraying event, and the pesticide was, as a result of rainfall, transported to nontarget areas by runoff. Background concentrations of azinphos methyl were higher than those of chlorpyrifos (1.6–9.8
μg/kg) but not detectable 2 weeks after a spraying event. Azinphos methyl was mostly transported by wind (spray drift) to adjacent areas. A microcosm study indicated effects of chlorpyrifos on earthworms as determined by measuring biomass change and Cholinesterase inhibition. It is concluded that earthworms were affected detrimentally by the pesticides due to chronic (chlorpyrifos) and intermittent (azinphos methyl) exposure. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.10.006 |
| format | Article |
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2) compared to adjacent uncultivated fields (152/m
2) at a distance from the orchards. The possible effect of organophosphate pesticides on the earthworms was investigated. Background soil concentrations of chlorpyrifos prior to the start of the spraying season were low (0.2–2.7
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μg/kg) but not detectable 2 weeks after a spraying event. Azinphos methyl was mostly transported by wind (spray drift) to adjacent areas. A microcosm study indicated effects of chlorpyrifos on earthworms as determined by measuring biomass change and Cholinesterase inhibition. It is concluded that earthworms were affected detrimentally by the pesticides due to chronic (chlorpyrifos) and intermittent (azinphos methyl) exposure.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0147-6513</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1090-2414</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.10.006</identifier><identifier>PMID: 16318873</identifier><identifier>CODEN: EESADV</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>San Diego, CA: Elsevier Inc</publisher><subject>Agriculture ; Animal, plant and microbial ecology ; Animals ; Applied ecology ; Azinphos methyl ; Azinphosmethyl - analysis ; Azinphosmethyl - toxicity ; Biological and medical sciences ; Biomarker ; Biomass ; ChE ; Chlorpyrifos ; Chlorpyrifos - analysis ; Chlorpyrifos - toxicity ; Cholinesterases - metabolism ; Earthworms ; Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; General aspects ; Insecticides - analysis ; Insecticides - toxicity ; Microcosms ; Oligochaeta - drug effects ; Oligochaeta - enzymology ; Oligochaeta - growth & development ; Organophosphates ; Population Density ; Runoff ; Soil Pollutants - analysis ; Soil Pollutants - toxicity ; South Africa ; Spray drift</subject><ispartof>Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 2007-02, Vol.66 (2), p.244-251</ispartof><rights>2005 Elsevier Inc.</rights><rights>2007 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c511t-2943aea87fbaa3e9c0bdad5b25e445460c49a09d677d20ba799f6d5db9bea9523</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c511t-2943aea87fbaa3e9c0bdad5b25e445460c49a09d677d20ba799f6d5db9bea9523</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.10.006$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,3550,27924,27925,45995</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=18491933$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16318873$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Reinecke, S.A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Reinecke, A.J.</creatorcontrib><title>The impact of organophosphate pesticides in orchards on earthworms in the Western Cape, South Africa</title><title>Ecotoxicology and environmental safety</title><addtitle>Ecotoxicol Environ Saf</addtitle><description>Earthworm population density was measured in and adjacent to an orchard in an agricultural area in the Western Cape, South Africa. Worm densities were very low in orchards (22/m
2) compared to adjacent uncultivated fields (152/m
2) at a distance from the orchards. The possible effect of organophosphate pesticides on the earthworms was investigated. Background soil concentrations of chlorpyrifos prior to the start of the spraying season were low (0.2–2.7
μg/kg) but persistent for up to 6 months after the last spraying event, and the pesticide was, as a result of rainfall, transported to nontarget areas by runoff. Background concentrations of azinphos methyl were higher than those of chlorpyrifos (1.6–9.8
μg/kg) but not detectable 2 weeks after a spraying event. Azinphos methyl was mostly transported by wind (spray drift) to adjacent areas. A microcosm study indicated effects of chlorpyrifos on earthworms as determined by measuring biomass change and Cholinesterase inhibition. It is concluded that earthworms were affected detrimentally by the pesticides due to chronic (chlorpyrifos) and intermittent (azinphos methyl) exposure.</description><subject>Agriculture</subject><subject>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Applied ecology</subject><subject>Azinphos methyl</subject><subject>Azinphosmethyl - analysis</subject><subject>Azinphosmethyl - toxicity</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Biomarker</subject><subject>Biomass</subject><subject>ChE</subject><subject>Chlorpyrifos</subject><subject>Chlorpyrifos - analysis</subject><subject>Chlorpyrifos - toxicity</subject><subject>Cholinesterases - metabolism</subject><subject>Earthworms</subject><subject>Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>General aspects</subject><subject>Insecticides - analysis</subject><subject>Insecticides - toxicity</subject><subject>Microcosms</subject><subject>Oligochaeta - drug effects</subject><subject>Oligochaeta - enzymology</subject><subject>Oligochaeta - growth & development</subject><subject>Organophosphates</subject><subject>Population Density</subject><subject>Runoff</subject><subject>Soil Pollutants - analysis</subject><subject>Soil Pollutants - toxicity</subject><subject>South Africa</subject><subject>Spray drift</subject><issn>0147-6513</issn><issn>1090-2414</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2007</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kE1v1DAQhi0EotuFf4DAF3oiy9jOx_qCVK34kipxaCuO1sSeNF7txsHOFvHvcchKvXEaaeaZd0YPY28EbASI-uN-QzbQ8LiRAFVubQDqZ2wlQEMhS1E-ZysQZVPUlVAX7DKlPQAoqKqX7ELUSmy3jVoxd9cT98cR7cRDx0N8wCGMfUhjjxPxkdLkrXeUuB_y1PYYXeJh4IRx6n-HePw3mXLKz8xSHPgOR_rAb8Np6vl1F73FV-xFh4dEr891ze6_fL7bfStufnz9vru-KWwlxFRIXSok3DZdi6hIW2gduqqVFZVlVdZgS42gXd00TkKLjdZd7SrX6pZQV1Kt2dWSO8bw65TfMUefLB0OOFA4JSOhVnK-smblAtoYUorUmTH6I8Y_RoCZ7Zq9Weya2e7czXbz2ttz_qk9kntaOuvMwPszgMnioYs4WJ-euG2phVYz927hOgwGH2Jm7m8lCAVCSAWNzsSnhaDs69FTNMl6Giw5H8lOxgX__1__AvalpEc</recordid><startdate>20070201</startdate><enddate>20070201</enddate><creator>Reinecke, S.A.</creator><creator>Reinecke, A.J.</creator><general>Elsevier Inc</general><general>Elsevier</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TV</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>C1K</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20070201</creationdate><title>The impact of organophosphate pesticides in orchards on earthworms in the Western Cape, South Africa</title><author>Reinecke, S.A. ; Reinecke, A.J.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c511t-2943aea87fbaa3e9c0bdad5b25e445460c49a09d677d20ba799f6d5db9bea9523</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2007</creationdate><topic>Agriculture</topic><topic>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Applied ecology</topic><topic>Azinphos methyl</topic><topic>Azinphosmethyl - analysis</topic><topic>Azinphosmethyl - toxicity</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Biomarker</topic><topic>Biomass</topic><topic>ChE</topic><topic>Chlorpyrifos</topic><topic>Chlorpyrifos - analysis</topic><topic>Chlorpyrifos - toxicity</topic><topic>Cholinesterases - metabolism</topic><topic>Earthworms</topic><topic>Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution</topic><topic>Environmental Monitoring</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>General aspects</topic><topic>Insecticides - analysis</topic><topic>Insecticides - toxicity</topic><topic>Microcosms</topic><topic>Oligochaeta - drug effects</topic><topic>Oligochaeta - enzymology</topic><topic>Oligochaeta - growth & development</topic><topic>Organophosphates</topic><topic>Population Density</topic><topic>Runoff</topic><topic>Soil Pollutants - analysis</topic><topic>Soil Pollutants - toxicity</topic><topic>South Africa</topic><topic>Spray drift</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Reinecke, S.A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Reinecke, A.J.</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Pollution Abstracts</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><jtitle>Ecotoxicology and environmental safety</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Reinecke, S.A.</au><au>Reinecke, A.J.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The impact of organophosphate pesticides in orchards on earthworms in the Western Cape, South Africa</atitle><jtitle>Ecotoxicology and environmental safety</jtitle><addtitle>Ecotoxicol Environ Saf</addtitle><date>2007-02-01</date><risdate>2007</risdate><volume>66</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>244</spage><epage>251</epage><pages>244-251</pages><issn>0147-6513</issn><eissn>1090-2414</eissn><coden>EESADV</coden><abstract>Earthworm population density was measured in and adjacent to an orchard in an agricultural area in the Western Cape, South Africa. Worm densities were very low in orchards (22/m
2) compared to adjacent uncultivated fields (152/m
2) at a distance from the orchards. The possible effect of organophosphate pesticides on the earthworms was investigated. Background soil concentrations of chlorpyrifos prior to the start of the spraying season were low (0.2–2.7
μg/kg) but persistent for up to 6 months after the last spraying event, and the pesticide was, as a result of rainfall, transported to nontarget areas by runoff. Background concentrations of azinphos methyl were higher than those of chlorpyrifos (1.6–9.8
μg/kg) but not detectable 2 weeks after a spraying event. Azinphos methyl was mostly transported by wind (spray drift) to adjacent areas. A microcosm study indicated effects of chlorpyrifos on earthworms as determined by measuring biomass change and Cholinesterase inhibition. It is concluded that earthworms were affected detrimentally by the pesticides due to chronic (chlorpyrifos) and intermittent (azinphos methyl) exposure.</abstract><cop>San Diego, CA</cop><pub>Elsevier Inc</pub><pmid>16318873</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.10.006</doi><tpages>8</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Agriculture Animal, plant and microbial ecology Animals Applied ecology Azinphos methyl Azinphosmethyl - analysis Azinphosmethyl - toxicity Biological and medical sciences Biomarker Biomass ChE Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos - analysis Chlorpyrifos - toxicity Cholinesterases - metabolism Earthworms Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution Environmental Monitoring Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General aspects Insecticides - analysis Insecticides - toxicity Microcosms Oligochaeta - drug effects Oligochaeta - enzymology Oligochaeta - growth & development Organophosphates Population Density Runoff Soil Pollutants - analysis Soil Pollutants - toxicity South Africa Spray drift |
| title | The impact of organophosphate pesticides in orchards on earthworms in the Western Cape, South Africa |
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