Cycloplegic refraction by 1% cyclopentolate in young adults: is it the gold standard? The Anyang University Students Eye Study (AUSES)
AimsTo document the difference between non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic refraction and explore its associated factors in Chinese young adults. MethodsA school-based study including 7971 undergraduates was conducted in Anyang, Henan Province, China. Cycloplegia was achieved with two drops of 1% cyclop...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | British journal of ophthalmology 2019-05, Vol.103 (5), p.654-658 |
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| creator | Sun, Yun-Yun Wei, Shi-Fei Li, Shi-Ming Hu, Jian-Ping Yang, Xiao-Hui Cao, Kai Lin, Cai-Xia Du, Jia-Ling Guo, Ji-Yuan Li, He Liu, Luo-Ru Morgan, Ian G Wang, Ning-li |
| description | AimsTo document the difference between non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic refraction and explore its associated factors in Chinese young adults. MethodsA school-based study including 7971 undergraduates was conducted in Anyang, Henan Province, China. Cycloplegia was achieved with two drops of 1% cyclopentolate and 1 drop of Mydrin P (Tropicamide 0.5%, phenylephrine HCl 0.5%) with a 5 min interval. Non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic refractions were measured by an autorefractor. A paired-sample t-test and Spearman correlation analysis were used for analysis with data from only the right eyes included. ResultsOf the 7971 students examined, 7793 (97.8%) with complete data were included, aging 20.2±1.5 years. Male students accounted for 36.8%. Overall, there was a significant difference between non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic SE (spherical equivalent) of 0.83±0.81D (p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312199 |
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| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_2058505040</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2058505040</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-b387t-a38ab9f304d8671aa3983fbca3b728fc9befa7afd8ba0324b391331d18b1e5833</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqNkc9qGzEQh0VpaJy0r1AEpZAeNtVI-0fqJRjjtIFADo7Pi7TS2jJayV1pC_sCfe4qcVpKTz2JGX3z06APIQzkGoDVn9UhHPdpL90QXEEJ8IIBBSFeoQWUNc-tRrxGC0JIUwDUcI4uYjzkktbQvEHnVAhGiBAL9HM1dy4cndnZDo-mH2WXbPBYzRg-4u750vgUnEwGW4_nMPkdlnpyKX7BNmKbcNobvAtO45ik13LUN_gxt5Z-lpndevvDjNGmGW_SpHNYxOvZPBczvlpuN-vNp7forJcumncv5yXa3q4fV9-K-4evd6vlfaEYb1IhGZdK9IyUmtcNSMkEZ73qJFMN5X0nlOllI3vNlSSMlooJYAw0cAWm4oxdoqtT7nEM3ycTUzvY2BnnpDdhii0lFa9IRUqS0Q__oIcwjT5v11IKhOclqjJT_ER1Y4gxf2B7HO0gx7kF0j65av921T65ak-u8uj7lwcmNRj9Z_C3nAywE6CGw__H_gJN5aT5</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2210830454</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Cycloplegic refraction by 1% cyclopentolate in young adults: is it the gold standard? The Anyang University Students Eye Study (AUSES)</title><source>PubMed Central</source><creator>Sun, Yun-Yun ; Wei, Shi-Fei ; Li, Shi-Ming ; Hu, Jian-Ping ; Yang, Xiao-Hui ; Cao, Kai ; Lin, Cai-Xia ; Du, Jia-Ling ; Guo, Ji-Yuan ; Li, He ; Liu, Luo-Ru ; Morgan, Ian G ; Wang, Ning-li</creator><creatorcontrib>Sun, Yun-Yun ; Wei, Shi-Fei ; Li, Shi-Ming ; Hu, Jian-Ping ; Yang, Xiao-Hui ; Cao, Kai ; Lin, Cai-Xia ; Du, Jia-Ling ; Guo, Ji-Yuan ; Li, He ; Liu, Luo-Ru ; Morgan, Ian G ; Wang, Ning-li</creatorcontrib><description>AimsTo document the difference between non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic refraction and explore its associated factors in Chinese young adults. MethodsA school-based study including 7971 undergraduates was conducted in Anyang, Henan Province, China. Cycloplegia was achieved with two drops of 1% cyclopentolate and 1 drop of Mydrin P (Tropicamide 0.5%, phenylephrine HCl 0.5%) with a 5 min interval. Non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic refractions were measured by an autorefractor. A paired-sample t-test and Spearman correlation analysis were used for analysis with data from only the right eyes included. ResultsOf the 7971 students examined, 7793 (97.8%) with complete data were included, aging 20.2±1.5 years. Male students accounted for 36.8%. Overall, there was a significant difference between non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic SE (spherical equivalent) of 0.83±0.81D (p<0.01). The difference was 1.80±1.11D, 1.26±0.93D and 0.69±0.69D for those with cycloplegic hyperopia, emmetropia and myopia, respectively (p<0.01 for all). Those with a hyperopic shift less than 0.25D and 0.5D accounted for 11.1% and 34.1%, respectively. A significant relationship was found between difference in SE and cycloplegic refraction (r=0.33, b=0.11, p<0.01). Without cycloplegia, prevalence of hyperopia and emmetropia would be underestimated by 6.2% (1.0% vs 7.2%) and 5.7% (3.8% vs 9.5%), respectively, with prevalence of myopia and high myopia overestimated by 12.1% (95.3% vs 83.2%) and 6.1% (17.2% vs 11.1%). ConclusionLack of cycloplegia will lead to significant misclassification of myopia, emmetropia and hyperopia in Chinese young adults. Cycloplegia is therefore essential for this age-group in epidemiological studies.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0007-1161</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1468-2079</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312199</identifier><identifier>PMID: 29930099</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: BMJ Publishing Group LTD</publisher><subject>Age ; Ophthalmology ; Software ; Statistical analysis ; University students ; Variance analysis ; Young adults</subject><ispartof>British journal of ophthalmology, 2019-05, Vol.103 (5), p.654-658</ispartof><rights>Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.</rights><rights>Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2018. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.</rights><rights>2019 Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-b387t-a38ab9f304d8671aa3983fbca3b728fc9befa7afd8ba0324b391331d18b1e5833</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-b387t-a38ab9f304d8671aa3983fbca3b728fc9befa7afd8ba0324b391331d18b1e5833</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29930099$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Sun, Yun-Yun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wei, Shi-Fei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Shi-Ming</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hu, Jian-Ping</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Xiao-Hui</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cao, Kai</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lin, Cai-Xia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Du, Jia-Ling</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Guo, Ji-Yuan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, He</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Luo-Ru</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Morgan, Ian G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Ning-li</creatorcontrib><title>Cycloplegic refraction by 1% cyclopentolate in young adults: is it the gold standard? The Anyang University Students Eye Study (AUSES)</title><title>British journal of ophthalmology</title><addtitle>Br J Ophthalmol</addtitle><description>AimsTo document the difference between non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic refraction and explore its associated factors in Chinese young adults. MethodsA school-based study including 7971 undergraduates was conducted in Anyang, Henan Province, China. Cycloplegia was achieved with two drops of 1% cyclopentolate and 1 drop of Mydrin P (Tropicamide 0.5%, phenylephrine HCl 0.5%) with a 5 min interval. Non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic refractions were measured by an autorefractor. A paired-sample t-test and Spearman correlation analysis were used for analysis with data from only the right eyes included. ResultsOf the 7971 students examined, 7793 (97.8%) with complete data were included, aging 20.2±1.5 years. Male students accounted for 36.8%. Overall, there was a significant difference between non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic SE (spherical equivalent) of 0.83±0.81D (p<0.01). The difference was 1.80±1.11D, 1.26±0.93D and 0.69±0.69D for those with cycloplegic hyperopia, emmetropia and myopia, respectively (p<0.01 for all). Those with a hyperopic shift less than 0.25D and 0.5D accounted for 11.1% and 34.1%, respectively. A significant relationship was found between difference in SE and cycloplegic refraction (r=0.33, b=0.11, p<0.01). Without cycloplegia, prevalence of hyperopia and emmetropia would be underestimated by 6.2% (1.0% vs 7.2%) and 5.7% (3.8% vs 9.5%), respectively, with prevalence of myopia and high myopia overestimated by 12.1% (95.3% vs 83.2%) and 6.1% (17.2% vs 11.1%). ConclusionLack of cycloplegia will lead to significant misclassification of myopia, emmetropia and hyperopia in Chinese young adults. Cycloplegia is therefore essential for this age-group in epidemiological studies.</description><subject>Age</subject><subject>Ophthalmology</subject><subject>Software</subject><subject>Statistical analysis</subject><subject>University students</subject><subject>Variance analysis</subject><subject>Young adults</subject><issn>0007-1161</issn><issn>1468-2079</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2019</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkc9qGzEQh0VpaJy0r1AEpZAeNtVI-0fqJRjjtIFADo7Pi7TS2jJayV1pC_sCfe4qcVpKTz2JGX3z06APIQzkGoDVn9UhHPdpL90QXEEJ8IIBBSFeoQWUNc-tRrxGC0JIUwDUcI4uYjzkktbQvEHnVAhGiBAL9HM1dy4cndnZDo-mH2WXbPBYzRg-4u750vgUnEwGW4_nMPkdlnpyKX7BNmKbcNobvAtO45ik13LUN_gxt5Z-lpndevvDjNGmGW_SpHNYxOvZPBczvlpuN-vNp7forJcumncv5yXa3q4fV9-K-4evd6vlfaEYb1IhGZdK9IyUmtcNSMkEZ73qJFMN5X0nlOllI3vNlSSMlooJYAw0cAWm4oxdoqtT7nEM3ycTUzvY2BnnpDdhii0lFa9IRUqS0Q__oIcwjT5v11IKhOclqjJT_ER1Y4gxf2B7HO0gx7kF0j65av921T65ak-u8uj7lwcmNRj9Z_C3nAywE6CGw__H_gJN5aT5</recordid><startdate>20190501</startdate><enddate>20190501</enddate><creator>Sun, Yun-Yun</creator><creator>Wei, Shi-Fei</creator><creator>Li, Shi-Ming</creator><creator>Hu, Jian-Ping</creator><creator>Yang, Xiao-Hui</creator><creator>Cao, Kai</creator><creator>Lin, Cai-Xia</creator><creator>Du, Jia-Ling</creator><creator>Guo, Ji-Yuan</creator><creator>Li, He</creator><creator>Liu, Luo-Ru</creator><creator>Morgan, Ian G</creator><creator>Wang, Ning-li</creator><general>BMJ Publishing Group LTD</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BTHHO</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20190501</creationdate><title>Cycloplegic refraction by 1% cyclopentolate in young adults: is it the gold standard? The Anyang University Students Eye Study (AUSES)</title><author>Sun, Yun-Yun ; Wei, Shi-Fei ; Li, Shi-Ming ; Hu, Jian-Ping ; Yang, Xiao-Hui ; Cao, Kai ; Lin, Cai-Xia ; Du, Jia-Ling ; Guo, Ji-Yuan ; Li, He ; Liu, Luo-Ru ; Morgan, Ian G ; Wang, Ning-li</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-b387t-a38ab9f304d8671aa3983fbca3b728fc9befa7afd8ba0324b391331d18b1e5833</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2019</creationdate><topic>Age</topic><topic>Ophthalmology</topic><topic>Software</topic><topic>Statistical analysis</topic><topic>University students</topic><topic>Variance analysis</topic><topic>Young adults</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Sun, Yun-Yun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wei, Shi-Fei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Shi-Ming</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hu, Jian-Ping</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Xiao-Hui</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cao, Kai</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lin, Cai-Xia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Du, Jia-Ling</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Guo, Ji-Yuan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, He</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Luo-Ru</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Morgan, Ian G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Ning-li</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>BMJ Journals</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>British journal of ophthalmology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Sun, Yun-Yun</au><au>Wei, Shi-Fei</au><au>Li, Shi-Ming</au><au>Hu, Jian-Ping</au><au>Yang, Xiao-Hui</au><au>Cao, Kai</au><au>Lin, Cai-Xia</au><au>Du, Jia-Ling</au><au>Guo, Ji-Yuan</au><au>Li, He</au><au>Liu, Luo-Ru</au><au>Morgan, Ian G</au><au>Wang, Ning-li</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Cycloplegic refraction by 1% cyclopentolate in young adults: is it the gold standard? The Anyang University Students Eye Study (AUSES)</atitle><jtitle>British journal of ophthalmology</jtitle><addtitle>Br J Ophthalmol</addtitle><date>2019-05-01</date><risdate>2019</risdate><volume>103</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>654</spage><epage>658</epage><pages>654-658</pages><issn>0007-1161</issn><eissn>1468-2079</eissn><abstract>AimsTo document the difference between non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic refraction and explore its associated factors in Chinese young adults. MethodsA school-based study including 7971 undergraduates was conducted in Anyang, Henan Province, China. Cycloplegia was achieved with two drops of 1% cyclopentolate and 1 drop of Mydrin P (Tropicamide 0.5%, phenylephrine HCl 0.5%) with a 5 min interval. Non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic refractions were measured by an autorefractor. A paired-sample t-test and Spearman correlation analysis were used for analysis with data from only the right eyes included. ResultsOf the 7971 students examined, 7793 (97.8%) with complete data were included, aging 20.2±1.5 years. Male students accounted for 36.8%. Overall, there was a significant difference between non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic SE (spherical equivalent) of 0.83±0.81D (p<0.01). The difference was 1.80±1.11D, 1.26±0.93D and 0.69±0.69D for those with cycloplegic hyperopia, emmetropia and myopia, respectively (p<0.01 for all). Those with a hyperopic shift less than 0.25D and 0.5D accounted for 11.1% and 34.1%, respectively. A significant relationship was found between difference in SE and cycloplegic refraction (r=0.33, b=0.11, p<0.01). Without cycloplegia, prevalence of hyperopia and emmetropia would be underestimated by 6.2% (1.0% vs 7.2%) and 5.7% (3.8% vs 9.5%), respectively, with prevalence of myopia and high myopia overestimated by 12.1% (95.3% vs 83.2%) and 6.1% (17.2% vs 11.1%). ConclusionLack of cycloplegia will lead to significant misclassification of myopia, emmetropia and hyperopia in Chinese young adults. Cycloplegia is therefore essential for this age-group in epidemiological studies.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>BMJ Publishing Group LTD</pub><pmid>29930099</pmid><doi>10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312199</doi><tpages>5</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Age Ophthalmology Software Statistical analysis University students Variance analysis Young adults |
| title | Cycloplegic refraction by 1% cyclopentolate in young adults: is it the gold standard? The Anyang University Students Eye Study (AUSES) |
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