Electron Microscopy Imaging of Zinc Soaps Nucleation in Oil Paint
Using the recently developed techniques of electron tomography, we have explored the first stages of disfiguring formation of zinc soaps in modern oil paintings. The formation of complexes of zinc ions with fatty acids in paint layers is a major threat to the stability and appearance of many late 19...
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description | Using the recently developed techniques of electron tomography, we have explored the first stages of disfiguring formation of zinc soaps in modern oil paintings. The formation of complexes of zinc ions with fatty acids in paint layers is a major threat to the stability and appearance of many late 19th and early 20th century oil paintings. Moreover, the occurrence of zinc soaps in oil paintings leading to defects is disturbingly common, but the chemical reactions and migration mechanisms leading to large zinc soap aggregates or zones remain poorly understood. State-of-the-art scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy techniques, primarily developed for biological specimens, have enabled us to visualize the earliest stages of crystalline zinc soap growth in a reconstructed zinc white (ZnO) oil paint sample. In situ sectioning techniques and sequential imaging within the SEM allowed three-dimensional tomographic reconstruction of sample morphology. Improvements in the detection and discrimination of backscattered electrons enabled us to identify local precipitation processes with small atomic number contrast. The SEM images were correlated to low-dose and high-sensitivity TEM images, with high-resolution tomography providing unprecedented insight into the structure of nucleating zinc soaps at the molecular level. The correlative approach applied here to study phase separation, and crystallization processes specific to a problem in art conservation creates possibilities for visualization of phase formation in a wide range of soft materials. |
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The formation of complexes of zinc ions with fatty acids in paint layers is a major threat to the stability and appearance of many late 19th and early 20th century oil paintings. Moreover, the occurrence of zinc soaps in oil paintings leading to defects is disturbingly common, but the chemical reactions and migration mechanisms leading to large zinc soap aggregates or zones remain poorly understood. State-of-the-art scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy techniques, primarily developed for biological specimens, have enabled us to visualize the earliest stages of crystalline zinc soap growth in a reconstructed zinc white (ZnO) oil paint sample. In situ sectioning techniques and sequential imaging within the SEM allowed three-dimensional tomographic reconstruction of sample morphology. Improvements in the detection and discrimination of backscattered electrons enabled us to identify local precipitation processes with small atomic number contrast. The SEM images were correlated to low-dose and high-sensitivity TEM images, with high-resolution tomography providing unprecedented insight into the structure of nucleating zinc soaps at the molecular level. The correlative approach applied here to study phase separation, and crystallization processes specific to a problem in art conservation creates possibilities for visualization of phase formation in a wide range of soft materials.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1431-9276</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1435-8115</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1017/S1431927618000387</identifier><identifier>PMID: 29860951</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York, USA: Cambridge University Press</publisher><subject>Art galleries & museums ; Atomic properties ; Atomic structure ; Backscattering ; Chemical reactions ; Correlation analysis ; Crystal defects ; Crystallization ; Electron microscopes ; Electron microscopy ; Fatty acids ; Fourier transforms ; Historic artifacts ; Image contrast ; Image reconstruction ; Image resolution ; Leighton, Frederic (1830-1896) ; Local precipitation ; Micrographia ; Microscopy ; Migration ; Molecular chains ; Morphology ; Oil painting ; Organic chemistry ; Phase separation ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Sectioning ; Soap ; Soaps ; Software ; Tomography ; Transmission electron microscopy ; Zinc ; Zinc oxide ; Zinc oxides</subject><ispartof>Microscopy and microanalysis, 2018-06, Vol.24 (3), p.318-322</ispartof><rights>Microscopy Society of America 2018</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c416t-6292a39c27e2a9d8899ac679000ce5719f8675d8ce1842e213c7d566860c8eb53</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c416t-6292a39c27e2a9d8899ac679000ce5719f8675d8ce1842e213c7d566860c8eb53</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1431927618000387/type/journal_article$$EHTML$$P50$$Gcambridge$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>164,314,780,784,27924,27925,55628</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29860951$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Hermans, Joen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Osmond, Gillian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van Loon, Annelies</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Iedema, Piet</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chapman, Robyn</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Drennan, John</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jack, Kevin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rasch, Ronald</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Morgan, Garry</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Zhi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Monteiro, Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Keune, Katrien</creatorcontrib><title>Electron Microscopy Imaging of Zinc Soaps Nucleation in Oil Paint</title><title>Microscopy and microanalysis</title><addtitle>Microsc Microanal</addtitle><description>Using the recently developed techniques of electron tomography, we have explored the first stages of disfiguring formation of zinc soaps in modern oil paintings. The formation of complexes of zinc ions with fatty acids in paint layers is a major threat to the stability and appearance of many late 19th and early 20th century oil paintings. Moreover, the occurrence of zinc soaps in oil paintings leading to defects is disturbingly common, but the chemical reactions and migration mechanisms leading to large zinc soap aggregates or zones remain poorly understood. State-of-the-art scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy techniques, primarily developed for biological specimens, have enabled us to visualize the earliest stages of crystalline zinc soap growth in a reconstructed zinc white (ZnO) oil paint sample. In situ sectioning techniques and sequential imaging within the SEM allowed three-dimensional tomographic reconstruction of sample morphology. Improvements in the detection and discrimination of backscattered electrons enabled us to identify local precipitation processes with small atomic number contrast. The SEM images were correlated to low-dose and high-sensitivity TEM images, with high-resolution tomography providing unprecedented insight into the structure of nucleating zinc soaps at the molecular level. The correlative approach applied here to study phase separation, and crystallization processes specific to a problem in art conservation creates possibilities for visualization of phase formation in a wide range of soft materials.</description><subject>Art galleries & museums</subject><subject>Atomic properties</subject><subject>Atomic structure</subject><subject>Backscattering</subject><subject>Chemical reactions</subject><subject>Correlation analysis</subject><subject>Crystal defects</subject><subject>Crystallization</subject><subject>Electron microscopes</subject><subject>Electron microscopy</subject><subject>Fatty acids</subject><subject>Fourier transforms</subject><subject>Historic artifacts</subject><subject>Image contrast</subject><subject>Image reconstruction</subject><subject>Image resolution</subject><subject>Leighton, Frederic (1830-1896)</subject><subject>Local precipitation</subject><subject>Micrographia</subject><subject>Microscopy</subject><subject>Migration</subject><subject>Molecular chains</subject><subject>Morphology</subject><subject>Oil painting</subject><subject>Organic chemistry</subject><subject>Phase separation</subject><subject>Scanning electron microscopy</subject><subject>Sectioning</subject><subject>Soap</subject><subject>Soaps</subject><subject>Software</subject><subject>Tomography</subject><subject>Transmission electron microscopy</subject><subject>Zinc</subject><subject>Zinc oxide</subject><subject>Zinc 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resolution</topic><topic>Leighton, Frederic (1830-1896)</topic><topic>Local precipitation</topic><topic>Micrographia</topic><topic>Microscopy</topic><topic>Migration</topic><topic>Molecular chains</topic><topic>Morphology</topic><topic>Oil painting</topic><topic>Organic chemistry</topic><topic>Phase separation</topic><topic>Scanning electron microscopy</topic><topic>Sectioning</topic><topic>Soap</topic><topic>Soaps</topic><topic>Software</topic><topic>Tomography</topic><topic>Transmission electron microscopy</topic><topic>Zinc</topic><topic>Zinc oxide</topic><topic>Zinc oxides</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Hermans, Joen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Osmond, Gillian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van Loon, Annelies</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Iedema, Piet</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chapman, Robyn</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Drennan, John</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jack, 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Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Hermans, Joen</au><au>Osmond, Gillian</au><au>van Loon, Annelies</au><au>Iedema, Piet</au><au>Chapman, Robyn</au><au>Drennan, John</au><au>Jack, Kevin</au><au>Rasch, Ronald</au><au>Morgan, Garry</au><au>Zhang, Zhi</au><au>Monteiro, Michael</au><au>Keune, Katrien</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Electron Microscopy Imaging of Zinc Soaps Nucleation in Oil Paint</atitle><jtitle>Microscopy and microanalysis</jtitle><addtitle>Microsc Microanal</addtitle><date>2018-06-01</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>24</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>318</spage><epage>322</epage><pages>318-322</pages><issn>1431-9276</issn><eissn>1435-8115</eissn><abstract>Using the recently developed techniques of electron tomography, we have explored the first stages of disfiguring formation of zinc soaps in modern oil paintings. The formation of complexes of zinc ions with fatty acids in paint layers is a major threat to the stability and appearance of many late 19th and early 20th century oil paintings. Moreover, the occurrence of zinc soaps in oil paintings leading to defects is disturbingly common, but the chemical reactions and migration mechanisms leading to large zinc soap aggregates or zones remain poorly understood. State-of-the-art scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy techniques, primarily developed for biological specimens, have enabled us to visualize the earliest stages of crystalline zinc soap growth in a reconstructed zinc white (ZnO) oil paint sample. In situ sectioning techniques and sequential imaging within the SEM allowed three-dimensional tomographic reconstruction of sample morphology. Improvements in the detection and discrimination of backscattered electrons enabled us to identify local precipitation processes with small atomic number contrast. The SEM images were correlated to low-dose and high-sensitivity TEM images, with high-resolution tomography providing unprecedented insight into the structure of nucleating zinc soaps at the molecular level. The correlative approach applied here to study phase separation, and crystallization processes specific to a problem in art conservation creates possibilities for visualization of phase formation in a wide range of soft materials.</abstract><cop>New York, USA</cop><pub>Cambridge University Press</pub><pmid>29860951</pmid><doi>10.1017/S1431927618000387</doi><tpages>5</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Art galleries & museums Atomic properties Atomic structure Backscattering Chemical reactions Correlation analysis Crystal defects Crystallization Electron microscopes Electron microscopy Fatty acids Fourier transforms Historic artifacts Image contrast Image reconstruction Image resolution Leighton, Frederic (1830-1896) Local precipitation Micrographia Microscopy Migration Molecular chains Morphology Oil painting Organic chemistry Phase separation Scanning electron microscopy Sectioning Soap Soaps Software Tomography Transmission electron microscopy Zinc Zinc oxide Zinc oxides |
title | Electron Microscopy Imaging of Zinc Soaps Nucleation in Oil Paint |
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