Direct Air Versus Ground Transport Predictors for Rural Pediatric Trauma

Traumatic injury is the leading cause of mortality in children and the most common cause of emergency medical services transport in pediatric populations. We aimed to identify what factors are currently associated with selection for helicopter transport (HEMS) over ground ambulance (GEMS) in a primarily rural state. We performed a retrospective case-control study of trauma patients younger than 18 years old reported to the Oklahoma State Trauma Registry between 2005 and 2014 who received direct transport from the scene of injury to a tertiary trauma center within the state. Factors associated with HEMS transport over GEMS were identified by multivariate regression analysis. Of the 1,700 patients in the study group, 50.8% were transported by HEMS. Increased distance (odds ratio [OR] = 6.1-18.6), lower Glasgow Coma Scale (OR = 2.5), multisystem injury (OR = 1.5), intubation (OR = 2.7), motor vehicle collision–related injuries (OR = 2.1), and elevated heart rate (OR = 1.8) were all associated with increased odds of HEMS transport, with distance being the strongest factor. This study found that the principal determinants of triage to HEMS transport in the case of pediatric trauma in a rural state were primarily distance to a major trauma center and clinical factors relating to the type and severity of injury.