Quantitative multiparametric MR analysis of small renal lesions: correlation with surgical pathology
Purpose The purpose of the study is to evaluate the utility of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), chemical shift signal intensity index (SII), and contrast enhancement in distinguishing between benign lesions and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and between subtypes of renal lesions. Methods This retro...
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description | Purpose
The purpose of the study is to evaluate the utility of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), chemical shift signal intensity index (SII), and contrast enhancement in distinguishing between benign lesions and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and between subtypes of renal lesions.
Methods
This retrospective study included 98 renal lesions (≤ 3 cm) on MRI with correlative surgical pathology. Scanner field strength, lesion location, and size were recorded. Two readers blinded to surgical pathology independently measured ADC ratio (ADC lesion/ADC non-lesion kidney), SII, and absolute/relative enhancement in the corticomedullary and nephrographic phases of contrast.
Results
There were 76 malignant and 22 benign lesions. 42 RCC were clear cell (ccRCC), 19 papillary (pRCC), 5 chromophobe (cbRCC). Benign lesions included both solid and cystic lesions. Interreader agreement for all variables was good–excellent (ICC 0.70–0.91). There was no difference in ADC or SII between benign and malignant lesions. There was greater absolute corticomedullary enhancement of benign versus malignant lesions (150.0 ± 111.5 vs. 81.1 ± 74.8,
p
= 0.0115), which did not persist when excluding pRCC. For lesion subtype differentiation, ADC
ratio
for pRCC was lower than benign lesions (0.74 ± 0.35 vs. 1.03 ± 0.46,
p
= 0.0246). ccRCC demonstrated greater SII than other RCC (0.09 ± 0.22 vs. 0.001 ± 0.26,
p
= 0.0412). Oncocytomas and angiomyolipoma (AML) showed greater absolute corticomedullary enhancement than ccRCC and pRCC (145.6 ± 65.2 vs. 107.2 ± 85.3,
p
= 0.043 and 186.2 ± 93.9 vs. 37.6 ± 35.3,
p
= 0.0108), respectively.
Conclusions
While corticomedullary-phase enhancement was a differentiating feature, quantitative metrics from diffusion and chemical shift imaging cannot reliably differentiate benign from malignant lesions. Quantitative assessment may be useful in differentiating some benign and malignant lesion subtypes. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00261-018-1612-2 |
format | Article |
fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_2030930572</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2030037222</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c372t-a6de2162654476ab9717c0c8e7287fc5c1cf98ce033a98f8259bc2ddcd711fd13</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp1kVFLHDEUhYNY6qL-gL5IoC--jN6b2Ulm-lbEqqBIxULfQjaT2c2SmWyTjGX_vVlGt1DwKZfkO-fe3EPIF4QLBBCXEYBxLADrAjmygh2QGSs5LwCq-nBfz38fkdMY1wCAvEJk1WdyxBreZFEzI-3PUQ3JJpXsi6H96JLdqKB6k4LV9OGJqkG5bbSR-o7GXjlHg8lX1Jlo_RC_Ue1DMC7r_UD_2rSicQxLqzOyUWnlnV9uT8inTrloTt_OY_Lrx_Xz1W1x_3hzd_X9vtClYKlQvDUMOePVfC64WjQChQZdG8Fq0elKo-6aWhsoS9XUXc2qZqFZ2-pWIHYtlsfkfPLdBP9nNDHJ3kZtnFOD8WOUDEpoSqgEy-jX_9C1H0P-2ERBHojtKJwoHXyMwXRyE2yvwlYiyF0KckpB5hTkLgW505y9OY-L3rR7xfvOM8AmIOanYWnCv9Yfu74CwA-S4Q</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2030037222</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Quantitative multiparametric MR analysis of small renal lesions: correlation with surgical pathology</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>SpringerLink Journals</source><creator>Yano, Motoyo ; Fowler, Kathryn J. ; Srisuwan, Santip ; Salter, Amber ; Siegel, Cary L.</creator><creatorcontrib>Yano, Motoyo ; Fowler, Kathryn J. ; Srisuwan, Santip ; Salter, Amber ; Siegel, Cary L.</creatorcontrib><description>Purpose
The purpose of the study is to evaluate the utility of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), chemical shift signal intensity index (SII), and contrast enhancement in distinguishing between benign lesions and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and between subtypes of renal lesions.
Methods
This retrospective study included 98 renal lesions (≤ 3 cm) on MRI with correlative surgical pathology. Scanner field strength, lesion location, and size were recorded. Two readers blinded to surgical pathology independently measured ADC ratio (ADC lesion/ADC non-lesion kidney), SII, and absolute/relative enhancement in the corticomedullary and nephrographic phases of contrast.
Results
There were 76 malignant and 22 benign lesions. 42 RCC were clear cell (ccRCC), 19 papillary (pRCC), 5 chromophobe (cbRCC). Benign lesions included both solid and cystic lesions. Interreader agreement for all variables was good–excellent (ICC 0.70–0.91). There was no difference in ADC or SII between benign and malignant lesions. There was greater absolute corticomedullary enhancement of benign versus malignant lesions (150.0 ± 111.5 vs. 81.1 ± 74.8,
p
= 0.0115), which did not persist when excluding pRCC. For lesion subtype differentiation, ADC
ratio
for pRCC was lower than benign lesions (0.74 ± 0.35 vs. 1.03 ± 0.46,
p
= 0.0246). ccRCC demonstrated greater SII than other RCC (0.09 ± 0.22 vs. 0.001 ± 0.26,
p
= 0.0412). Oncocytomas and angiomyolipoma (AML) showed greater absolute corticomedullary enhancement than ccRCC and pRCC (145.6 ± 65.2 vs. 107.2 ± 85.3,
p
= 0.043 and 186.2 ± 93.9 vs. 37.6 ± 35.3,
p
= 0.0108), respectively.
Conclusions
While corticomedullary-phase enhancement was a differentiating feature, quantitative metrics from diffusion and chemical shift imaging cannot reliably differentiate benign from malignant lesions. Quantitative assessment may be useful in differentiating some benign and malignant lesion subtypes.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2366-004X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2366-0058</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00261-018-1612-2</identifier><identifier>PMID: 29691619</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York: Springer US</publisher><subject>Angiomyolipoma ; Benign ; Clear cell-type renal cell carcinoma ; Contrast Media ; Correlation analysis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Diffusion coefficient ; Evaluation Studies as Topic ; Female ; Field strength ; Gastroenterology ; Hepatology ; Humans ; Image Enhancement - methods ; Imaging ; Kidney - diagnostic imaging ; Kidney - pathology ; Kidney - surgery ; Kidney cancer ; Kidney Neoplasms - diagnostic imaging ; Kidney Neoplasms - pathology ; Kidney Neoplasms - surgery ; Lesions ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging - methods ; Male ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Middle Aged ; Pathology ; Radiology ; Reproducibility of Results ; Retrospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Surgery</subject><ispartof>Abdominal imaging, 2018-12, Vol.43 (12), p.3390-3399</ispartof><rights>Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018</rights><rights>Abdominal Radiology is a copyright of Springer, (2018). All Rights Reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c372t-a6de2162654476ab9717c0c8e7287fc5c1cf98ce033a98f8259bc2ddcd711fd13</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c372t-a6de2162654476ab9717c0c8e7287fc5c1cf98ce033a98f8259bc2ddcd711fd13</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00261-018-1612-2$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00261-018-1612-2$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29691619$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Yano, Motoyo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fowler, Kathryn J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Srisuwan, Santip</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Salter, Amber</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Siegel, Cary L.</creatorcontrib><title>Quantitative multiparametric MR analysis of small renal lesions: correlation with surgical pathology</title><title>Abdominal imaging</title><addtitle>Abdom Radiol</addtitle><addtitle>Abdom Radiol (NY)</addtitle><description>Purpose
The purpose of the study is to evaluate the utility of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), chemical shift signal intensity index (SII), and contrast enhancement in distinguishing between benign lesions and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and between subtypes of renal lesions.
Methods
This retrospective study included 98 renal lesions (≤ 3 cm) on MRI with correlative surgical pathology. Scanner field strength, lesion location, and size were recorded. Two readers blinded to surgical pathology independently measured ADC ratio (ADC lesion/ADC non-lesion kidney), SII, and absolute/relative enhancement in the corticomedullary and nephrographic phases of contrast.
Results
There were 76 malignant and 22 benign lesions. 42 RCC were clear cell (ccRCC), 19 papillary (pRCC), 5 chromophobe (cbRCC). Benign lesions included both solid and cystic lesions. Interreader agreement for all variables was good–excellent (ICC 0.70–0.91). There was no difference in ADC or SII between benign and malignant lesions. There was greater absolute corticomedullary enhancement of benign versus malignant lesions (150.0 ± 111.5 vs. 81.1 ± 74.8,
p
= 0.0115), which did not persist when excluding pRCC. For lesion subtype differentiation, ADC
ratio
for pRCC was lower than benign lesions (0.74 ± 0.35 vs. 1.03 ± 0.46,
p
= 0.0246). ccRCC demonstrated greater SII than other RCC (0.09 ± 0.22 vs. 0.001 ± 0.26,
p
= 0.0412). Oncocytomas and angiomyolipoma (AML) showed greater absolute corticomedullary enhancement than ccRCC and pRCC (145.6 ± 65.2 vs. 107.2 ± 85.3,
p
= 0.043 and 186.2 ± 93.9 vs. 37.6 ± 35.3,
p
= 0.0108), respectively.
Conclusions
While corticomedullary-phase enhancement was a differentiating feature, quantitative metrics from diffusion and chemical shift imaging cannot reliably differentiate benign from malignant lesions. Quantitative assessment may be useful in differentiating some benign and malignant lesion subtypes.</description><subject>Angiomyolipoma</subject><subject>Benign</subject><subject>Clear cell-type renal cell carcinoma</subject><subject>Contrast Media</subject><subject>Correlation analysis</subject><subject>Diagnosis, Differential</subject><subject>Diffusion coefficient</subject><subject>Evaluation Studies as Topic</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Field strength</subject><subject>Gastroenterology</subject><subject>Hepatology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Image Enhancement - methods</subject><subject>Imaging</subject><subject>Kidney - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Kidney - pathology</subject><subject>Kidney - surgery</subject><subject>Kidney cancer</subject><subject>Kidney Neoplasms - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Kidney Neoplasms - pathology</subject><subject>Kidney Neoplasms - surgery</subject><subject>Lesions</subject><subject>Magnetic resonance imaging</subject><subject>Magnetic Resonance Imaging - methods</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Pathology</subject><subject>Radiology</subject><subject>Reproducibility of Results</subject><subject>Retrospective Studies</subject><subject>Sensitivity and Specificity</subject><subject>Surgery</subject><issn>2366-004X</issn><issn>2366-0058</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2018</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kVFLHDEUhYNY6qL-gL5IoC--jN6b2Ulm-lbEqqBIxULfQjaT2c2SmWyTjGX_vVlGt1DwKZfkO-fe3EPIF4QLBBCXEYBxLADrAjmygh2QGSs5LwCq-nBfz38fkdMY1wCAvEJk1WdyxBreZFEzI-3PUQ3JJpXsi6H96JLdqKB6k4LV9OGJqkG5bbSR-o7GXjlHg8lX1Jlo_RC_Ue1DMC7r_UD_2rSicQxLqzOyUWnlnV9uT8inTrloTt_OY_Lrx_Xz1W1x_3hzd_X9vtClYKlQvDUMOePVfC64WjQChQZdG8Fq0elKo-6aWhsoS9XUXc2qZqFZ2-pWIHYtlsfkfPLdBP9nNDHJ3kZtnFOD8WOUDEpoSqgEy-jX_9C1H0P-2ERBHojtKJwoHXyMwXRyE2yvwlYiyF0KckpB5hTkLgW505y9OY-L3rR7xfvOM8AmIOanYWnCv9Yfu74CwA-S4Q</recordid><startdate>20181201</startdate><enddate>20181201</enddate><creator>Yano, Motoyo</creator><creator>Fowler, Kathryn J.</creator><creator>Srisuwan, Santip</creator><creator>Salter, Amber</creator><creator>Siegel, Cary L.</creator><general>Springer US</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>JQ2</scope><scope>K7-</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7Z</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20181201</creationdate><title>Quantitative multiparametric MR analysis of small renal lesions: correlation with surgical pathology</title><author>Yano, Motoyo ; Fowler, Kathryn J. ; Srisuwan, Santip ; Salter, Amber ; Siegel, Cary L.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c372t-a6de2162654476ab9717c0c8e7287fc5c1cf98ce033a98f8259bc2ddcd711fd13</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><topic>Angiomyolipoma</topic><topic>Benign</topic><topic>Clear cell-type renal cell carcinoma</topic><topic>Contrast Media</topic><topic>Correlation analysis</topic><topic>Diagnosis, Differential</topic><topic>Diffusion coefficient</topic><topic>Evaluation Studies as Topic</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Field strength</topic><topic>Gastroenterology</topic><topic>Hepatology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Image Enhancement - methods</topic><topic>Imaging</topic><topic>Kidney - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Kidney - pathology</topic><topic>Kidney - surgery</topic><topic>Kidney cancer</topic><topic>Kidney Neoplasms - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Kidney Neoplasms - pathology</topic><topic>Kidney Neoplasms - surgery</topic><topic>Lesions</topic><topic>Magnetic resonance imaging</topic><topic>Magnetic Resonance Imaging - methods</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Pathology</topic><topic>Radiology</topic><topic>Reproducibility of Results</topic><topic>Retrospective Studies</topic><topic>Sensitivity and Specificity</topic><topic>Surgery</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Yano, Motoyo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fowler, Kathryn J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Srisuwan, Santip</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Salter, Amber</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Siegel, Cary L.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Computer Science Collection</collection><collection>Computer Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Biochemistry Abstracts 1</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Abdominal imaging</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Yano, Motoyo</au><au>Fowler, Kathryn J.</au><au>Srisuwan, Santip</au><au>Salter, Amber</au><au>Siegel, Cary L.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Quantitative multiparametric MR analysis of small renal lesions: correlation with surgical pathology</atitle><jtitle>Abdominal imaging</jtitle><stitle>Abdom Radiol</stitle><addtitle>Abdom Radiol (NY)</addtitle><date>2018-12-01</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>43</volume><issue>12</issue><spage>3390</spage><epage>3399</epage><pages>3390-3399</pages><issn>2366-004X</issn><eissn>2366-0058</eissn><abstract>Purpose
The purpose of the study is to evaluate the utility of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), chemical shift signal intensity index (SII), and contrast enhancement in distinguishing between benign lesions and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and between subtypes of renal lesions.
Methods
This retrospective study included 98 renal lesions (≤ 3 cm) on MRI with correlative surgical pathology. Scanner field strength, lesion location, and size were recorded. Two readers blinded to surgical pathology independently measured ADC ratio (ADC lesion/ADC non-lesion kidney), SII, and absolute/relative enhancement in the corticomedullary and nephrographic phases of contrast.
Results
There were 76 malignant and 22 benign lesions. 42 RCC were clear cell (ccRCC), 19 papillary (pRCC), 5 chromophobe (cbRCC). Benign lesions included both solid and cystic lesions. Interreader agreement for all variables was good–excellent (ICC 0.70–0.91). There was no difference in ADC or SII between benign and malignant lesions. There was greater absolute corticomedullary enhancement of benign versus malignant lesions (150.0 ± 111.5 vs. 81.1 ± 74.8,
p
= 0.0115), which did not persist when excluding pRCC. For lesion subtype differentiation, ADC
ratio
for pRCC was lower than benign lesions (0.74 ± 0.35 vs. 1.03 ± 0.46,
p
= 0.0246). ccRCC demonstrated greater SII than other RCC (0.09 ± 0.22 vs. 0.001 ± 0.26,
p
= 0.0412). Oncocytomas and angiomyolipoma (AML) showed greater absolute corticomedullary enhancement than ccRCC and pRCC (145.6 ± 65.2 vs. 107.2 ± 85.3,
p
= 0.043 and 186.2 ± 93.9 vs. 37.6 ± 35.3,
p
= 0.0108), respectively.
Conclusions
While corticomedullary-phase enhancement was a differentiating feature, quantitative metrics from diffusion and chemical shift imaging cannot reliably differentiate benign from malignant lesions. Quantitative assessment may be useful in differentiating some benign and malignant lesion subtypes.</abstract><cop>New York</cop><pub>Springer US</pub><pmid>29691619</pmid><doi>10.1007/s00261-018-1612-2</doi><tpages>10</tpages></addata></record> |
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subjects | Angiomyolipoma Benign Clear cell-type renal cell carcinoma Contrast Media Correlation analysis Diagnosis, Differential Diffusion coefficient Evaluation Studies as Topic Female Field strength Gastroenterology Hepatology Humans Image Enhancement - methods Imaging Kidney - diagnostic imaging Kidney - pathology Kidney - surgery Kidney cancer Kidney Neoplasms - diagnostic imaging Kidney Neoplasms - pathology Kidney Neoplasms - surgery Lesions Magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging - methods Male Medicine Medicine & Public Health Middle Aged Pathology Radiology Reproducibility of Results Retrospective Studies Sensitivity and Specificity Surgery |
title | Quantitative multiparametric MR analysis of small renal lesions: correlation with surgical pathology |
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