Subchondral bone microdamage accumulation in distal metacarpus of Thoroughbred racehorses
Summary Background Microdamage accumulation leads to subchondral bone injury and/or fracture in racehorses. An understanding of this process is essential for developing strategies for injury prevention. Objectives To quantify subchondral bone microdamage in the third metacarpal bone of Thoroughbred...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Equine veterinary journal 2018-11, Vol.50 (6), p.766-773 |
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| creator | Whitton, R. C. Ayodele, B. A. Hitchens, P. L. Mackie, E. J. |
| description | Summary
Background
Microdamage accumulation leads to subchondral bone injury and/or fracture in racehorses. An understanding of this process is essential for developing strategies for injury prevention.
Objectives
To quantify subchondral bone microdamage in the third metacarpal bone of Thoroughbred racehorses at different stages of the training cycle.
Study design
Cross‐sectional.
Methods
Bone blocks from the palmar aspect of the medial condyles of third metacarpal bones from 46 racing Thoroughbred horses undergoing post‐mortem were examined with micro computed tomography (microCT) to detect calcified microcracks, and light microscopy to quantify bulk stained microcracks. Racing and training histories were obtained for comparison with microdamage data using regression modelling.
Results
Subchondral bone microcracks were observed in all bones with at least one method. Microdamage grade was greater in older horses, levelling‐off for horses 5 years and older (quadratic term P = 0.01), and with lower bone material density in the parasagittal groove (P = 0.02). Microcrack density was higher in older horses (P = 0.004), and with higher bone volume fraction (BV/TV) in the parasagittal groove in horses in training (interaction effect, P = 0.01) and lower in horses resting from training (P = 0.02).
Main limitations
Cross‐sectional data only. Incomplete detection of microdamage due to the limits of resolution of microCT and lack of three‐dimensional imaging with microscopy. Multicollinearity between variables that indicated career progression (e.g. age, number of career starts, duration of training period) was detected.
Conclusions
Fatigue damage in the distal metacarpal subchondral bone is common in Thoroughbred racehorses undergoing post‐mortem and appears to accumulate throughout a racing career. Reduced intensity or duration of training and racing and/or increased duration of rest periods may limit microdamage accumulation. Focal subchondral bone sclerosis indicates the presence of microdamage. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/evj.12948 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_2026410181</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2026410181</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3888-4264e2bdf4fe4288f0afdf73b840288e9ad1a52eec58e79d490ec130fa3673663</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp1kEtLAzEQx4MoWh8Hv4AseNHDal5Ns0cp9YXgwQd4CtlkYrfsbmrSKP32Rls9CM5lZuDHf4YfQocEn5Fc5_A-OyO04nIDDSjmtGQMi000yOOwJILzHbQb4wxjxiin22iHVkJgMmQD9PKQajP1vQ26LWrfQ9E1JnirO_0KhTYmdanVi8b3RdMXtomLzHWw0EaHeYqFd8Xj1AefXqd1AFsEbSDvEeI-2nK6jXCw7nvo6XLyOL4u7-6vbsYXd6VhUsqSU8GB1tZxB5xK6bB21o1YLTnOK1TaEj2kAGYoYVRZXmEwhGGnmRgxIdgeOlnlzoN_SxAXqmuigbbVPfgUFcX5AsFEkowe_0FnPoU-f6coIUxgLiqWqdMVlT3EGMCpeWg6HZaKYPXlW2Xf6tt3Zo_WianuwP6SP4IzcL4CPpoWlv8nqcnz7SryE5duiho</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2113604693</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Subchondral bone microdamage accumulation in distal metacarpus of Thoroughbred racehorses</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Access via Wiley Online Library</source><creator>Whitton, R. C. ; Ayodele, B. A. ; Hitchens, P. L. ; Mackie, E. J.</creator><creatorcontrib>Whitton, R. C. ; Ayodele, B. A. ; Hitchens, P. L. ; Mackie, E. J.</creatorcontrib><description>Summary
Background
Microdamage accumulation leads to subchondral bone injury and/or fracture in racehorses. An understanding of this process is essential for developing strategies for injury prevention.
Objectives
To quantify subchondral bone microdamage in the third metacarpal bone of Thoroughbred racehorses at different stages of the training cycle.
Study design
Cross‐sectional.
Methods
Bone blocks from the palmar aspect of the medial condyles of third metacarpal bones from 46 racing Thoroughbred horses undergoing post‐mortem were examined with micro computed tomography (microCT) to detect calcified microcracks, and light microscopy to quantify bulk stained microcracks. Racing and training histories were obtained for comparison with microdamage data using regression modelling.
Results
Subchondral bone microcracks were observed in all bones with at least one method. Microdamage grade was greater in older horses, levelling‐off for horses 5 years and older (quadratic term P = 0.01), and with lower bone material density in the parasagittal groove (P = 0.02). Microcrack density was higher in older horses (P = 0.004), and with higher bone volume fraction (BV/TV) in the parasagittal groove in horses in training (interaction effect, P = 0.01) and lower in horses resting from training (P = 0.02).
Main limitations
Cross‐sectional data only. Incomplete detection of microdamage due to the limits of resolution of microCT and lack of three‐dimensional imaging with microscopy. Multicollinearity between variables that indicated career progression (e.g. age, number of career starts, duration of training period) was detected.
Conclusions
Fatigue damage in the distal metacarpal subchondral bone is common in Thoroughbred racehorses undergoing post‐mortem and appears to accumulate throughout a racing career. Reduced intensity or duration of training and racing and/or increased duration of rest periods may limit microdamage accumulation. Focal subchondral bone sclerosis indicates the presence of microdamage.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0425-1644</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2042-3306</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/evj.12948</identifier><identifier>PMID: 29660153</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</publisher><subject>Accumulation ; Age Factors ; Animals ; Bone density ; Bones ; Calcinosis - diagnostic imaging ; Calcinosis - veterinary ; Careers ; Coloring Agents ; Computed tomography ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Fatigue ; Female ; Fractures ; horse ; Horses ; Horses - classification ; Horses - injuries ; Light microscopy ; Linear Models ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Metacarpal ; Metacarpus ; Metacarpus - diagnostic imaging ; Metacarpus - injuries ; Microcracks ; Microscopy ; osteoarthritis ; palmar osteochondral disease ; Physical Conditioning, Animal ; Racehorses ; Rosaniline Dyes ; Sclerosis ; Staining and Labeling - methods ; Staining and Labeling - veterinary ; Subchondral bone ; X-Ray Microtomography - veterinary</subject><ispartof>Equine veterinary journal, 2018-11, Vol.50 (6), p.766-773</ispartof><rights>2018 EVJ Ltd</rights><rights>2018 EVJ Ltd.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2018 EVJ Ltd</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3888-4264e2bdf4fe4288f0afdf73b840288e9ad1a52eec58e79d490ec130fa3673663</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3888-4264e2bdf4fe4288f0afdf73b840288e9ad1a52eec58e79d490ec130fa3673663</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-0012-4065 ; 0000-0002-7528-7056</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111%2Fevj.12948$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Fevj.12948$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>315,781,785,1418,27926,27927,45576,45577</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29660153$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Whitton, R. C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ayodele, B. A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hitchens, P. L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mackie, E. J.</creatorcontrib><title>Subchondral bone microdamage accumulation in distal metacarpus of Thoroughbred racehorses</title><title>Equine veterinary journal</title><addtitle>Equine Vet J</addtitle><description>Summary
Background
Microdamage accumulation leads to subchondral bone injury and/or fracture in racehorses. An understanding of this process is essential for developing strategies for injury prevention.
Objectives
To quantify subchondral bone microdamage in the third metacarpal bone of Thoroughbred racehorses at different stages of the training cycle.
Study design
Cross‐sectional.
Methods
Bone blocks from the palmar aspect of the medial condyles of third metacarpal bones from 46 racing Thoroughbred horses undergoing post‐mortem were examined with micro computed tomography (microCT) to detect calcified microcracks, and light microscopy to quantify bulk stained microcracks. Racing and training histories were obtained for comparison with microdamage data using regression modelling.
Results
Subchondral bone microcracks were observed in all bones with at least one method. Microdamage grade was greater in older horses, levelling‐off for horses 5 years and older (quadratic term P = 0.01), and with lower bone material density in the parasagittal groove (P = 0.02). Microcrack density was higher in older horses (P = 0.004), and with higher bone volume fraction (BV/TV) in the parasagittal groove in horses in training (interaction effect, P = 0.01) and lower in horses resting from training (P = 0.02).
Main limitations
Cross‐sectional data only. Incomplete detection of microdamage due to the limits of resolution of microCT and lack of three‐dimensional imaging with microscopy. Multicollinearity between variables that indicated career progression (e.g. age, number of career starts, duration of training period) was detected.
Conclusions
Fatigue damage in the distal metacarpal subchondral bone is common in Thoroughbred racehorses undergoing post‐mortem and appears to accumulate throughout a racing career. Reduced intensity or duration of training and racing and/or increased duration of rest periods may limit microdamage accumulation. Focal subchondral bone sclerosis indicates the presence of microdamage.</description><subject>Accumulation</subject><subject>Age Factors</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Bone density</subject><subject>Bones</subject><subject>Calcinosis - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Calcinosis - veterinary</subject><subject>Careers</subject><subject>Coloring Agents</subject><subject>Computed tomography</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Fatigue</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fractures</subject><subject>horse</subject><subject>Horses</subject><subject>Horses - classification</subject><subject>Horses - injuries</subject><subject>Light microscopy</subject><subject>Linear Models</subject><subject>Logistic Models</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Metacarpal</subject><subject>Metacarpus</subject><subject>Metacarpus - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Metacarpus - injuries</subject><subject>Microcracks</subject><subject>Microscopy</subject><subject>osteoarthritis</subject><subject>palmar osteochondral disease</subject><subject>Physical Conditioning, Animal</subject><subject>Racehorses</subject><subject>Rosaniline Dyes</subject><subject>Sclerosis</subject><subject>Staining and Labeling - methods</subject><subject>Staining and Labeling - veterinary</subject><subject>Subchondral bone</subject><subject>X-Ray Microtomography - veterinary</subject><issn>0425-1644</issn><issn>2042-3306</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2018</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kEtLAzEQx4MoWh8Hv4AseNHDal5Ns0cp9YXgwQd4CtlkYrfsbmrSKP32Rls9CM5lZuDHf4YfQocEn5Fc5_A-OyO04nIDDSjmtGQMi000yOOwJILzHbQb4wxjxiin22iHVkJgMmQD9PKQajP1vQ26LWrfQ9E1JnirO_0KhTYmdanVi8b3RdMXtomLzHWw0EaHeYqFd8Xj1AefXqd1AFsEbSDvEeI-2nK6jXCw7nvo6XLyOL4u7-6vbsYXd6VhUsqSU8GB1tZxB5xK6bB21o1YLTnOK1TaEj2kAGYoYVRZXmEwhGGnmRgxIdgeOlnlzoN_SxAXqmuigbbVPfgUFcX5AsFEkowe_0FnPoU-f6coIUxgLiqWqdMVlT3EGMCpeWg6HZaKYPXlW2Xf6tt3Zo_WianuwP6SP4IzcL4CPpoWlv8nqcnz7SryE5duiho</recordid><startdate>201811</startdate><enddate>201811</enddate><creator>Whitton, R. C.</creator><creator>Ayodele, B. A.</creator><creator>Hitchens, P. L.</creator><creator>Mackie, E. J.</creator><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0012-4065</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7528-7056</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>201811</creationdate><title>Subchondral bone microdamage accumulation in distal metacarpus of Thoroughbred racehorses</title><author>Whitton, R. C. ; Ayodele, B. A. ; Hitchens, P. L. ; Mackie, E. J.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3888-4264e2bdf4fe4288f0afdf73b840288e9ad1a52eec58e79d490ec130fa3673663</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><topic>Accumulation</topic><topic>Age Factors</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Bone density</topic><topic>Bones</topic><topic>Calcinosis - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Calcinosis - veterinary</topic><topic>Careers</topic><topic>Coloring Agents</topic><topic>Computed tomography</topic><topic>Cross-Sectional Studies</topic><topic>Fatigue</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Fractures</topic><topic>horse</topic><topic>Horses</topic><topic>Horses - classification</topic><topic>Horses - injuries</topic><topic>Light microscopy</topic><topic>Linear Models</topic><topic>Logistic Models</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Metacarpal</topic><topic>Metacarpus</topic><topic>Metacarpus - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Metacarpus - injuries</topic><topic>Microcracks</topic><topic>Microscopy</topic><topic>osteoarthritis</topic><topic>palmar osteochondral disease</topic><topic>Physical Conditioning, Animal</topic><topic>Racehorses</topic><topic>Rosaniline Dyes</topic><topic>Sclerosis</topic><topic>Staining and Labeling - methods</topic><topic>Staining and Labeling - veterinary</topic><topic>Subchondral bone</topic><topic>X-Ray Microtomography - veterinary</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Whitton, R. C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ayodele, B. A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hitchens, P. L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mackie, E. J.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Equine veterinary journal</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Whitton, R. C.</au><au>Ayodele, B. A.</au><au>Hitchens, P. L.</au><au>Mackie, E. J.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Subchondral bone microdamage accumulation in distal metacarpus of Thoroughbred racehorses</atitle><jtitle>Equine veterinary journal</jtitle><addtitle>Equine Vet J</addtitle><date>2018-11</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>50</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>766</spage><epage>773</epage><pages>766-773</pages><issn>0425-1644</issn><eissn>2042-3306</eissn><abstract>Summary
Background
Microdamage accumulation leads to subchondral bone injury and/or fracture in racehorses. An understanding of this process is essential for developing strategies for injury prevention.
Objectives
To quantify subchondral bone microdamage in the third metacarpal bone of Thoroughbred racehorses at different stages of the training cycle.
Study design
Cross‐sectional.
Methods
Bone blocks from the palmar aspect of the medial condyles of third metacarpal bones from 46 racing Thoroughbred horses undergoing post‐mortem were examined with micro computed tomography (microCT) to detect calcified microcracks, and light microscopy to quantify bulk stained microcracks. Racing and training histories were obtained for comparison with microdamage data using regression modelling.
Results
Subchondral bone microcracks were observed in all bones with at least one method. Microdamage grade was greater in older horses, levelling‐off for horses 5 years and older (quadratic term P = 0.01), and with lower bone material density in the parasagittal groove (P = 0.02). Microcrack density was higher in older horses (P = 0.004), and with higher bone volume fraction (BV/TV) in the parasagittal groove in horses in training (interaction effect, P = 0.01) and lower in horses resting from training (P = 0.02).
Main limitations
Cross‐sectional data only. Incomplete detection of microdamage due to the limits of resolution of microCT and lack of three‐dimensional imaging with microscopy. Multicollinearity between variables that indicated career progression (e.g. age, number of career starts, duration of training period) was detected.
Conclusions
Fatigue damage in the distal metacarpal subchondral bone is common in Thoroughbred racehorses undergoing post‐mortem and appears to accumulate throughout a racing career. Reduced intensity or duration of training and racing and/or increased duration of rest periods may limit microdamage accumulation. Focal subchondral bone sclerosis indicates the presence of microdamage.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</pub><pmid>29660153</pmid><doi>10.1111/evj.12948</doi><tpages>8</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0012-4065</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7528-7056</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; Access via Wiley Online Library |
| subjects | Accumulation Age Factors Animals Bone density Bones Calcinosis - diagnostic imaging Calcinosis - veterinary Careers Coloring Agents Computed tomography Cross-Sectional Studies Fatigue Female Fractures horse Horses Horses - classification Horses - injuries Light microscopy Linear Models Logistic Models Male Metacarpal Metacarpus Metacarpus - diagnostic imaging Metacarpus - injuries Microcracks Microscopy osteoarthritis palmar osteochondral disease Physical Conditioning, Animal Racehorses Rosaniline Dyes Sclerosis Staining and Labeling - methods Staining and Labeling - veterinary Subchondral bone X-Ray Microtomography - veterinary |
| title | Subchondral bone microdamage accumulation in distal metacarpus of Thoroughbred racehorses |
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