Carnobacterium divergens and Carnobacterium maltaromaticum as spoilers or protective cultures in meat and seafood: phenotypic and genotypic characterization
Carnobacterium, a genus of lactic acid bacteria, frequently dominate the microflora of chilled vacuum- or modified atmosphere-packed meat and seafood. In this study Carnobacterium isolates were characterized by phenotypic and molecular methods in order to investigate the association of species and i...
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| creator | Groth Laursen, Birgit Bay, Lene Cleenwerck, Ilse Vancanneyt, Marc Swings, Jean Dalgaard, Paw Leisner, Jørgen J. |
| description | Carnobacterium, a genus of lactic acid bacteria, frequently dominate the microflora of chilled vacuum- or modified atmosphere-packed meat and seafood. In this study
Carnobacterium isolates were characterized by phenotypic and molecular methods in order to investigate the association of species and intra-species groups with distinct kinds of meat and seafood.
Of 120 test strains, 50 originated from meat (beef and pork products, including 44 strains isolated during this study and 6 strains obtained from culture collections) and 52 from seafoods (cod, halibut, salmon, shrimps and roe products). In addition, 9 reference strains of
Carnobacterium spp from other sources than meat and fish and 9 reference strains of lactic acid bacteria belonging to other genera than
Carnobacterium were included. Numerical taxonomy relying on classical biochemical reactions, carbohydrate fermentation and inhibition tests (temperature, salt, pH, chemical preservatives, antibiotics, bacteriocins), SDS-PAGE electrophoresis of whole cell proteins, plasmid profiling, intergenic spacer region (ISR) analysis and examination of amplified-fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) were employed to characterize the strains.
The numerical taxonomic approach divided the carnobacteria strains into 24 groups that shared less than 89% similarity. These groups were identified as
Carnobacterium divergens with one major cluster (40 strains) and 7 branches of one to four strains,
Carnobacterium maltaromaticum (previous
C. piscicola) with one major cluster (37 strains) and 9 branches of one to four strains and
Carnobacterium mobile (three branches consisting in total of 4 strains). Branches consisting of references strains of the remaining
Carnobacterium spp. were separated from clusters and branches of
C. divergens,
C. maltaromaticum and
C. mobile. Isolates from the main clusters of
C. divergens and
C. maltaromaticum were found both in fresh and lightly preserved meat and seafood products. High phenotypic intra-species variability was observed for
C. divergens and
C. maltaromaticum but despite this heterogeneity in phenotypic traits a reliable identification to species levels was obtained by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis of whole cell proteins and by ISR based on 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region polymorphism. With AFLP, two distinct clusters were observed for
C. divergens but only one for
C. maltaromaticum. The two
C. divergens clusters were not identical to any of the clusters observed by numerical taxon |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.syapm.2004.12.001 |
| format | Article |
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Carnobacterium isolates were characterized by phenotypic and molecular methods in order to investigate the association of species and intra-species groups with distinct kinds of meat and seafood.
Of 120 test strains, 50 originated from meat (beef and pork products, including 44 strains isolated during this study and 6 strains obtained from culture collections) and 52 from seafoods (cod, halibut, salmon, shrimps and roe products). In addition, 9 reference strains of
Carnobacterium spp from other sources than meat and fish and 9 reference strains of lactic acid bacteria belonging to other genera than
Carnobacterium were included. Numerical taxonomy relying on classical biochemical reactions, carbohydrate fermentation and inhibition tests (temperature, salt, pH, chemical preservatives, antibiotics, bacteriocins), SDS-PAGE electrophoresis of whole cell proteins, plasmid profiling, intergenic spacer region (ISR) analysis and examination of amplified-fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) were employed to characterize the strains.
The numerical taxonomic approach divided the carnobacteria strains into 24 groups that shared less than 89% similarity. These groups were identified as
Carnobacterium divergens with one major cluster (40 strains) and 7 branches of one to four strains,
Carnobacterium maltaromaticum (previous
C. piscicola) with one major cluster (37 strains) and 9 branches of one to four strains and
Carnobacterium mobile (three branches consisting in total of 4 strains). Branches consisting of references strains of the remaining
Carnobacterium spp. were separated from clusters and branches of
C. divergens,
C. maltaromaticum and
C. mobile. Isolates from the main clusters of
C. divergens and
C. maltaromaticum were found both in fresh and lightly preserved meat and seafood products. High phenotypic intra-species variability was observed for
C. divergens and
C. maltaromaticum but despite this heterogeneity in phenotypic traits a reliable identification to species levels was obtained by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis of whole cell proteins and by ISR based on 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region polymorphism. With AFLP, two distinct clusters were observed for
C. divergens but only one for
C. maltaromaticum. The two
C. divergens clusters were not identical to any of the clusters observed by numerical taxonomy.
A limited number of
C. divergens and
C. maltaromaticum isolates possessed a biopreservative potential due to their production of bacteriocins with a wide inhibition spectrum. This study serves as a base-line for further investigations on the potential role of species of
Carnobacterium in foods where they predominate the spoilage microflora.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0723-2020</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1618-0984</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2004.12.001</identifier><identifier>PMID: 15830808</identifier><identifier>CODEN: SAMIDF</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Jena: Elsevier GmbH</publisher><subject>AFLP ; amplified fragment length polymorphism ; Animals ; Antagonism ; Antibiosis ; bacterial proteins ; Bacterial Proteins - analysis ; Bacterial Typing Techniques ; Bacteriocins - metabolism ; Bacteriocins - pharmacology ; beef ; Biological and medical sciences ; Carnobacterium ; Carnobacterium divergens ; Carnobacterium maltaromaticum ; Carnobacterium mobile ; Carnobacterium piscicola ; Cattle ; cod (fish) ; Fishes - microbiology ; Food Contamination ; Food Handling - methods ; Food industries ; food microbiology ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; genetic variation ; Gram-Positive Bacteria - classification ; Gram-Positive Bacteria - genetics ; Gram-Positive Bacteria - isolation & purification ; Gram-Positive Bacteria - metabolism ; halibut ; ISR ; Lactic acid bacteria ; Marine ; meat ; Meat - microbiology ; Meat and meat product industries ; Meat Products - microbiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Numerical taxonomy ; Penaeidae ; Phenotype ; phenotypic variation ; Piscicola ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; pork ; ribosomal DNA ; salmon ; Salmonidae ; Seafood - microbiology ; seafoods ; sequence analysis ; shrimp ; Spoilage</subject><ispartof>Systematic and applied microbiology, 2005-03, Vol.28 (2), p.151-164</ispartof><rights>2005 Elsevier GmbH</rights><rights>2005 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright Urban & Fischer Verlag Mar 2005</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c535t-eabecd0b13f84044c6657a0dec2f21f757bb8372da402af2eb99b1cde4d4c7723</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c535t-eabecd0b13f84044c6657a0dec2f21f757bb8372da402af2eb99b1cde4d4c7723</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2004.12.001$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,3549,27923,27924,45994</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=16642975$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15830808$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Groth Laursen, Birgit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bay, Lene</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cleenwerck, Ilse</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vancanneyt, Marc</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Swings, Jean</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dalgaard, Paw</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leisner, Jørgen J.</creatorcontrib><title>Carnobacterium divergens and Carnobacterium maltaromaticum as spoilers or protective cultures in meat and seafood: phenotypic and genotypic characterization</title><title>Systematic and applied microbiology</title><addtitle>Syst Appl Microbiol</addtitle><description>Carnobacterium, a genus of lactic acid bacteria, frequently dominate the microflora of chilled vacuum- or modified atmosphere-packed meat and seafood. In this study
Carnobacterium isolates were characterized by phenotypic and molecular methods in order to investigate the association of species and intra-species groups with distinct kinds of meat and seafood.
Of 120 test strains, 50 originated from meat (beef and pork products, including 44 strains isolated during this study and 6 strains obtained from culture collections) and 52 from seafoods (cod, halibut, salmon, shrimps and roe products). In addition, 9 reference strains of
Carnobacterium spp from other sources than meat and fish and 9 reference strains of lactic acid bacteria belonging to other genera than
Carnobacterium were included. Numerical taxonomy relying on classical biochemical reactions, carbohydrate fermentation and inhibition tests (temperature, salt, pH, chemical preservatives, antibiotics, bacteriocins), SDS-PAGE electrophoresis of whole cell proteins, plasmid profiling, intergenic spacer region (ISR) analysis and examination of amplified-fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) were employed to characterize the strains.
The numerical taxonomic approach divided the carnobacteria strains into 24 groups that shared less than 89% similarity. These groups were identified as
Carnobacterium divergens with one major cluster (40 strains) and 7 branches of one to four strains,
Carnobacterium maltaromaticum (previous
C. piscicola) with one major cluster (37 strains) and 9 branches of one to four strains and
Carnobacterium mobile (three branches consisting in total of 4 strains). Branches consisting of references strains of the remaining
Carnobacterium spp. were separated from clusters and branches of
C. divergens,
C. maltaromaticum and
C. mobile. Isolates from the main clusters of
C. divergens and
C. maltaromaticum were found both in fresh and lightly preserved meat and seafood products. High phenotypic intra-species variability was observed for
C. divergens and
C. maltaromaticum but despite this heterogeneity in phenotypic traits a reliable identification to species levels was obtained by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis of whole cell proteins and by ISR based on 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region polymorphism. With AFLP, two distinct clusters were observed for
C. divergens but only one for
C. maltaromaticum. The two
C. divergens clusters were not identical to any of the clusters observed by numerical taxonomy.
A limited number of
C. divergens and
C. maltaromaticum isolates possessed a biopreservative potential due to their production of bacteriocins with a wide inhibition spectrum. This study serves as a base-line for further investigations on the potential role of species of
Carnobacterium in foods where they predominate the spoilage microflora.</description><subject>AFLP</subject><subject>amplified fragment length polymorphism</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Antagonism</subject><subject>Antibiosis</subject><subject>bacterial proteins</subject><subject>Bacterial Proteins - analysis</subject><subject>Bacterial Typing Techniques</subject><subject>Bacteriocins - metabolism</subject><subject>Bacteriocins - pharmacology</subject><subject>beef</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Carnobacterium</subject><subject>Carnobacterium divergens</subject><subject>Carnobacterium maltaromaticum</subject><subject>Carnobacterium mobile</subject><subject>Carnobacterium piscicola</subject><subject>Cattle</subject><subject>cod (fish)</subject><subject>Fishes - microbiology</subject><subject>Food Contamination</subject><subject>Food Handling - methods</subject><subject>Food industries</subject><subject>food microbiology</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>genetic variation</subject><subject>Gram-Positive Bacteria - classification</subject><subject>Gram-Positive Bacteria - genetics</subject><subject>Gram-Positive Bacteria - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Gram-Positive Bacteria - metabolism</subject><subject>halibut</subject><subject>ISR</subject><subject>Lactic acid bacteria</subject><subject>Marine</subject><subject>meat</subject><subject>Meat - microbiology</subject><subject>Meat and meat product industries</subject><subject>Meat Products - microbiology</subject><subject>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</subject><subject>Numerical taxonomy</subject><subject>Penaeidae</subject><subject>Phenotype</subject><subject>phenotypic variation</subject><subject>Piscicola</subject><subject>Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length</subject><subject>pork</subject><subject>ribosomal DNA</subject><subject>salmon</subject><subject>Salmonidae</subject><subject>Seafood - microbiology</subject><subject>seafoods</subject><subject>sequence analysis</subject><subject>shrimp</subject><subject>Spoilage</subject><issn>0723-2020</issn><issn>1618-0984</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2005</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kV2L1DAUhoMo7rj6CwQtgt61nqTp14IXMvgFC17oXofT5HQ2Q9vUpF0Yf4s_1sx0cGEvvAonec77npyXsZccMg68fL_PwgGnIRMAMuMiA-CP2IaXvE6hqeVjtoFK5KkAARfsWQj7CMim5E_ZBS_qHGqoN-zPFv3oWtQzebsMibF35Hc0hgRHkzx4HLCf0bsBZ6tjiSEJk7M9-ZA4n0zezaTnKJDopZ8XTyGxYzIQziexQNg5Z66S6ZZGNx8mq0_3u3-VvkW_mv2OFm58zp502Ad6cT4v2c3nTz-3X9Pr71--bT9ep7rIizklbEkbaHne1RKk1GVZVAiGtOgE76qiats6r4RBCQI7QW3TtFwbkkbqKu7okr1bdeMXfi0UZjXYoKnvcSS3BBVXmJcNHME3D8C9W_wYZ4tMLYtGnKB8hbR3IXjq1OTtgP6gOKhjcmqvTsmpY3KKCxWDiV2vztJLO5C57zlHFYG3ZwCDxr7zOGob7rmylKKpisi9XrkOncKdj8zNDxEdgEMBII5WH1aC4k7vLHkVtKVRk7E-BqiMs_8d9S_cFsXp</recordid><startdate>20050301</startdate><enddate>20050301</enddate><creator>Groth Laursen, Birgit</creator><creator>Bay, Lene</creator><creator>Cleenwerck, Ilse</creator><creator>Vancanneyt, Marc</creator><creator>Swings, Jean</creator><creator>Dalgaard, Paw</creator><creator>Leisner, Jørgen J.</creator><general>Elsevier GmbH</general><general>Elsevier</general><general>Elsevier Science Ltd</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H95</scope><scope>H98</scope><scope>H99</scope><scope>L.F</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>P64</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20050301</creationdate><title>Carnobacterium divergens and Carnobacterium maltaromaticum as spoilers or protective cultures in meat and seafood: phenotypic and genotypic characterization</title><author>Groth Laursen, Birgit ; Bay, Lene ; Cleenwerck, Ilse ; Vancanneyt, Marc ; Swings, Jean ; Dalgaard, Paw ; Leisner, Jørgen J.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c535t-eabecd0b13f84044c6657a0dec2f21f757bb8372da402af2eb99b1cde4d4c7723</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2005</creationdate><topic>AFLP</topic><topic>amplified fragment length polymorphism</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Antagonism</topic><topic>Antibiosis</topic><topic>bacterial proteins</topic><topic>Bacterial Proteins - analysis</topic><topic>Bacterial Typing Techniques</topic><topic>Bacteriocins - metabolism</topic><topic>Bacteriocins - pharmacology</topic><topic>beef</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Carnobacterium</topic><topic>Carnobacterium divergens</topic><topic>Carnobacterium maltaromaticum</topic><topic>Carnobacterium mobile</topic><topic>Carnobacterium piscicola</topic><topic>Cattle</topic><topic>cod (fish)</topic><topic>Fishes - microbiology</topic><topic>Food Contamination</topic><topic>Food Handling - methods</topic><topic>Food industries</topic><topic>food microbiology</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>genetic variation</topic><topic>Gram-Positive Bacteria - classification</topic><topic>Gram-Positive Bacteria - genetics</topic><topic>Gram-Positive Bacteria - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Gram-Positive Bacteria - metabolism</topic><topic>halibut</topic><topic>ISR</topic><topic>Lactic acid bacteria</topic><topic>Marine</topic><topic>meat</topic><topic>Meat - microbiology</topic><topic>Meat and meat product industries</topic><topic>Meat Products - microbiology</topic><topic>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</topic><topic>Numerical taxonomy</topic><topic>Penaeidae</topic><topic>Phenotype</topic><topic>phenotypic variation</topic><topic>Piscicola</topic><topic>Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length</topic><topic>pork</topic><topic>ribosomal DNA</topic><topic>salmon</topic><topic>Salmonidae</topic><topic>Seafood - microbiology</topic><topic>seafoods</topic><topic>sequence analysis</topic><topic>shrimp</topic><topic>Spoilage</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Groth Laursen, Birgit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bay, Lene</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cleenwerck, Ilse</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vancanneyt, Marc</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Swings, Jean</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dalgaard, Paw</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leisner, Jørgen J.</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 1: Biological Sciences & Living Resources</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Aquaculture Abstracts</collection><collection>ASFA: Marine Biotechnology Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Marine Biotechnology Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Systematic and applied microbiology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Groth Laursen, Birgit</au><au>Bay, Lene</au><au>Cleenwerck, Ilse</au><au>Vancanneyt, Marc</au><au>Swings, Jean</au><au>Dalgaard, Paw</au><au>Leisner, Jørgen J.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Carnobacterium divergens and Carnobacterium maltaromaticum as spoilers or protective cultures in meat and seafood: phenotypic and genotypic characterization</atitle><jtitle>Systematic and applied microbiology</jtitle><addtitle>Syst Appl Microbiol</addtitle><date>2005-03-01</date><risdate>2005</risdate><volume>28</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>151</spage><epage>164</epage><pages>151-164</pages><issn>0723-2020</issn><eissn>1618-0984</eissn><coden>SAMIDF</coden><abstract>Carnobacterium, a genus of lactic acid bacteria, frequently dominate the microflora of chilled vacuum- or modified atmosphere-packed meat and seafood. In this study
Carnobacterium isolates were characterized by phenotypic and molecular methods in order to investigate the association of species and intra-species groups with distinct kinds of meat and seafood.
Of 120 test strains, 50 originated from meat (beef and pork products, including 44 strains isolated during this study and 6 strains obtained from culture collections) and 52 from seafoods (cod, halibut, salmon, shrimps and roe products). In addition, 9 reference strains of
Carnobacterium spp from other sources than meat and fish and 9 reference strains of lactic acid bacteria belonging to other genera than
Carnobacterium were included. Numerical taxonomy relying on classical biochemical reactions, carbohydrate fermentation and inhibition tests (temperature, salt, pH, chemical preservatives, antibiotics, bacteriocins), SDS-PAGE electrophoresis of whole cell proteins, plasmid profiling, intergenic spacer region (ISR) analysis and examination of amplified-fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) were employed to characterize the strains.
The numerical taxonomic approach divided the carnobacteria strains into 24 groups that shared less than 89% similarity. These groups were identified as
Carnobacterium divergens with one major cluster (40 strains) and 7 branches of one to four strains,
Carnobacterium maltaromaticum (previous
C. piscicola) with one major cluster (37 strains) and 9 branches of one to four strains and
Carnobacterium mobile (three branches consisting in total of 4 strains). Branches consisting of references strains of the remaining
Carnobacterium spp. were separated from clusters and branches of
C. divergens,
C. maltaromaticum and
C. mobile. Isolates from the main clusters of
C. divergens and
C. maltaromaticum were found both in fresh and lightly preserved meat and seafood products. High phenotypic intra-species variability was observed for
C. divergens and
C. maltaromaticum but despite this heterogeneity in phenotypic traits a reliable identification to species levels was obtained by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis of whole cell proteins and by ISR based on 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region polymorphism. With AFLP, two distinct clusters were observed for
C. divergens but only one for
C. maltaromaticum. The two
C. divergens clusters were not identical to any of the clusters observed by numerical taxonomy.
A limited number of
C. divergens and
C. maltaromaticum isolates possessed a biopreservative potential due to their production of bacteriocins with a wide inhibition spectrum. This study serves as a base-line for further investigations on the potential role of species of
Carnobacterium in foods where they predominate the spoilage microflora.</abstract><cop>Jena</cop><pub>Elsevier GmbH</pub><pmid>15830808</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.syapm.2004.12.001</doi><tpages>14</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0723-2020 |
| ispartof | Systematic and applied microbiology, 2005-03, Vol.28 (2), p.151-164 |
| issn | 0723-2020 1618-0984 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_20236902 |
| source | MEDLINE; ScienceDirect Journals (5 years ago - present) |
| subjects | AFLP amplified fragment length polymorphism Animals Antagonism Antibiosis bacterial proteins Bacterial Proteins - analysis Bacterial Typing Techniques Bacteriocins - metabolism Bacteriocins - pharmacology beef Biological and medical sciences Carnobacterium Carnobacterium divergens Carnobacterium maltaromaticum Carnobacterium mobile Carnobacterium piscicola Cattle cod (fish) Fishes - microbiology Food Contamination Food Handling - methods Food industries food microbiology Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology genetic variation Gram-Positive Bacteria - classification Gram-Positive Bacteria - genetics Gram-Positive Bacteria - isolation & purification Gram-Positive Bacteria - metabolism halibut ISR Lactic acid bacteria Marine meat Meat - microbiology Meat and meat product industries Meat Products - microbiology Microbial Sensitivity Tests Numerical taxonomy Penaeidae Phenotype phenotypic variation Piscicola Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length pork ribosomal DNA salmon Salmonidae Seafood - microbiology seafoods sequence analysis shrimp Spoilage |
| title | Carnobacterium divergens and Carnobacterium maltaromaticum as spoilers or protective cultures in meat and seafood: phenotypic and genotypic characterization |
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