Aftermath of Terror: A Nationwide Longitudinal Study of Posttraumatic Stress and Worry Across the Decade Following the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks
Research conducted in the early years after the September 11, 2001 (9/11) terrorist attacks in New York, Pennsylvania, and Washington, DC demonstrated adverse psychological outcomes among residents of the United States who were exposed to the attacks both directly and indirectly via the media. Howev...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of traumatic stress 2018-02, Vol.31 (1), p.146-156 |
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| creator | Garfin, Dana Rose Poulin, Michael J. Blum, Scott Silver, Roxane Cohen |
| description | Research conducted in the early years after the September 11, 2001 (9/11) terrorist attacks in New York, Pennsylvania, and Washington, DC demonstrated adverse psychological outcomes among residents of the United States who were exposed to the attacks both directly and indirectly via the media. However, less is known about the impact of this collective trauma over time. Beginning at the end of December 2006, a longitudinal study of a nationally representative sample of U.S. residents (Cohort 2, N = 1,613) examined the long‐term effects of 9/11, with annual assessments administered every year for 3 years. We assessed rates of 9/11‐related posttraumatic stress (PTS) annually during the first 2 years of the study; during the second and third years of the study, we assessed fear and worry regarding future terrorism. Rates of PTS among participants were compared with those assessed annually in a nationally representative sample between 2002 and 2004 (Cohort 1); results indicated a relatively stable pattern of 9/11‐related PTS symptoms for 6 years following the attacks. Five to six years after 9/11, we found an association between 9/11‐related PTS and both direct, B = 8.45, 95% CI [4.32, 12.59] and media‐based (live television), B = 1.78, 95% CI [0.90, 2.65] exposure to the attacks. Six to 7 years post‐9/11, fear and worry regarding future terrorism were predicted by 9/11‐related PTS symptoms that had been reported approximately 5 years after the attacks, B = 0.04, 95% CI [0.03, 0.05]. The psychological legacy of 9/11 was perceptible among many U.S. residents throughout the decade that followed.
Resumen
Spanish s by the Asociación Chilena de Estrés Traumático (ACET)
La secuela del terror: Un estudio nacional longitudinal del estrés postraumático a lo largo de la década del 9/11
LA SECUELA DEL TERROR
Investigaciones llevadas a cabo en los primeros años luego de los ataques terroristas del 11 de septiembre del 2001 (9/11) en Nueva York y Pensilvania demostraron que los estadounidenses expuestos experimentaron, tanto directamente como a través de los medios de comunicación, consecuencias psicológicas adversas. Sin embargo, se sabe menos sobre el impacto de este trauma colectivo en el tiempo. A partir de finales de diciembre de 2006, un estudio longitudinal de una muestra nacional representativa de estadounidenses (Cohorte 2, N = 1,613) examinó los efectos a largo plazo del 9/11; con tres evaluaciones anuales. Medimos tasas de estrés postraumático (EPT) asociado al 9 |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/jts.22262 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_2012115952</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2011369795</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3862-7c67905f079a5121e681ed8907d7c950be217da800d558ac1d035d6cb8742bd53</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp1kcuKFDEUhoMoTs_owheQgBsFayZJdSrJ7IpxxguNCt3iskglp2bSVlXaJEXTz-LLmr7oQnB1ws-X78D5EXpBySUlhF2tU7xkjFXsEZpRLsqi4ko-RjMi1bxQshJn6DzGNSFESiWfojOmOC0Vnc_Qr7pLEAadHrDv8ApC8OEa1_izTs6PW2cBL_x479Jk3ah7vMyP3R796mNKQU_5qzM5DhAj1qPF330IO1yb4HOQHgC_A6Oz5s73vd-68f4QLmGTYGghYErfYkYIPS13MeE6JW1-xGfoSaf7CM9P8wJ9u7td3XwoFl_ef7ypF4UpZcUKYSqhCO-IUJpTRqGSFKxURFhhFCctMCqsloRYzqU21JKS28q0UsxZa3l5gV4fvZvgf04QUzO4aKDv9Qh-ig0j2Uq54iyjr_5B134K-TAHipaVEmovfHOkDkcI0DWb4AYddg0lzb6xJjfWHBrL7MuTcWoHsH_JPxVl4OoIbF0Pu_-bmk-r5VH5G1Xgn00</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2011369795</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Aftermath of Terror: A Nationwide Longitudinal Study of Posttraumatic Stress and Worry Across the Decade Following the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks</title><source>Wiley Online Library Journals Frontfile Complete</source><creator>Garfin, Dana Rose ; Poulin, Michael J. ; Blum, Scott ; Silver, Roxane Cohen</creator><creatorcontrib>Garfin, Dana Rose ; Poulin, Michael J. ; Blum, Scott ; Silver, Roxane Cohen</creatorcontrib><description>Research conducted in the early years after the September 11, 2001 (9/11) terrorist attacks in New York, Pennsylvania, and Washington, DC demonstrated adverse psychological outcomes among residents of the United States who were exposed to the attacks both directly and indirectly via the media. However, less is known about the impact of this collective trauma over time. Beginning at the end of December 2006, a longitudinal study of a nationally representative sample of U.S. residents (Cohort 2, N = 1,613) examined the long‐term effects of 9/11, with annual assessments administered every year for 3 years. We assessed rates of 9/11‐related posttraumatic stress (PTS) annually during the first 2 years of the study; during the second and third years of the study, we assessed fear and worry regarding future terrorism. Rates of PTS among participants were compared with those assessed annually in a nationally representative sample between 2002 and 2004 (Cohort 1); results indicated a relatively stable pattern of 9/11‐related PTS symptoms for 6 years following the attacks. Five to six years after 9/11, we found an association between 9/11‐related PTS and both direct, B = 8.45, 95% CI [4.32, 12.59] and media‐based (live television), B = 1.78, 95% CI [0.90, 2.65] exposure to the attacks. Six to 7 years post‐9/11, fear and worry regarding future terrorism were predicted by 9/11‐related PTS symptoms that had been reported approximately 5 years after the attacks, B = 0.04, 95% CI [0.03, 0.05]. The psychological legacy of 9/11 was perceptible among many U.S. residents throughout the decade that followed.
Resumen
Spanish s by the Asociación Chilena de Estrés Traumático (ACET)
La secuela del terror: Un estudio nacional longitudinal del estrés postraumático a lo largo de la década del 9/11
LA SECUELA DEL TERROR
Investigaciones llevadas a cabo en los primeros años luego de los ataques terroristas del 11 de septiembre del 2001 (9/11) en Nueva York y Pensilvania demostraron que los estadounidenses expuestos experimentaron, tanto directamente como a través de los medios de comunicación, consecuencias psicológicas adversas. Sin embargo, se sabe menos sobre el impacto de este trauma colectivo en el tiempo. A partir de finales de diciembre de 2006, un estudio longitudinal de una muestra nacional representativa de estadounidenses (Cohorte 2, N = 1,613) examinó los efectos a largo plazo del 9/11; con tres evaluaciones anuales. Medimos tasas de estrés postraumático (EPT) asociado al 9/11 anualmente durante los dos primeros años del estudio; mientras que medimos miedo y preocupación con respecto al terrorismo futuro durante el segundo y tercer año del estudio. Tasas de EPT de los participantes fueron comparadas con aquellos evaluados en una muestra representativa de la población a nivel nacional entre el 2002 y el 2004 (Cohorte 1); los resultados indicaron un patrón relativamente estable de síntomas de EPT asociados al 9/11 durante los seis años posteriores a los ataques. Encontramos una asociación entre los síntomas de EPT asociados al 9/11 y ambas formas de exposición a los ataques, la exposición directa, B = 8.45, 95% IC [4.32, 12.56], y la exposición a través de medios de comunicación (televisión en vivo), B = 1.78, 95% IC [0.90, 2.65]. Los síntomas de EPT asociados al 9/11 que habían sido reportados cinco años después de los ataques, predijeron el miedo y preocupación con respecto al terrorismo futuro reportados siete años después del 9/11, B = 0.04, 95% IC [0.03, 0.05]. El legado psicológico del 9/11 fue percibido entre muchos estadounidenses a lo largo de la década lo siguió.
抽象
Traditional and Simplified Chinese s by AsianSTSS
The Aftermath of Terror: A Nationwide Longitudinal Study of Posttraumatic Stress across the 9/11 Decade
Traditional Chinese
標題: 恐怖襲擊的後遺症:有關九一一襲擊事件隨後十年的創傷後壓力全國性縱貫研究
撮要: 在2001年9月11日(九一一)襲擊事件後的幾年間, 紐約州和賓夕凡尼亞州進行的研究均反映, 直接經歷事件及間接透過媒體經歷事件的美國人有不良心理影響。可是, 我們對這種集體創傷隨時間造成的影響仍缺乏了解。我們自2006年12月底開始進行一項縱貫研究, 透過具全國代表性的樣本(同代樣本2, N = 1,613)檢視九一一事件的長遠效應。研究中包含3次年度評估。在研究首兩年, 我們每年評估樣本的九一一相關創傷後壓力(PTS)率。在第二和第三年, 我們評估樣本對未來發生恐怖襲擊的恐懼和憂慮。我們把這組樣本的PTS率跟另一組於2002 至2004年接受研究的全國代表性樣本(同代樣本1)作比較。結果反映, 樣本在事件隨後六年的九一一相關PTS模式相對穩定。我們發現九一一相關PTS跟直接經歷事件(B = 8.45, 95% CI [4.32, 12.56])和透過媒體(電視直播)經歷事件(B = 1.78, 95% CI [0.90, 2.65])有關。樣本在事件發生五年後的九一一相關PTS症狀, 預測了他們在事件發生七年後, 對未來發生恐襲的恐懼和憂慮(B = 0.04, 95% CI [0.03, 0.05])。九一一襲擊造成的心理效應, 在隨後十年都可見於眾多美國人身上。
Simplified Chinese
标题: 恐怖袭击的后遗症:有关九一一袭击事件随后十年的创伤后压力全国性纵贯研究
撮要: 在2001年9月11日(九一一)袭击事件后的几年间, 纽约州和宾夕凡尼亚州进行的研究均反映, 直接经历事件及间接透过媒体经历事件的美国人有不良心理影响。可是, 我们对这种集体创伤随时间造成的影响仍缺乏了解。我们自2006年12月底开始进行一项纵贯研究, 透过具全国代表性的样本(同代样本2, N = 1,613)检视九一一事件的长远效应。研究中包含3次年度评估。在研究首两年, 我们每年评估样本的九一一相关创伤后压力(PTS)率。在第二和第三年, 我们评估样本对未来发生恐怖袭击的恐惧和忧虑。我们把这组样本的PTS率跟另一组于2002 至2004年接受研究的全国代表性样本(同代样本1)作比较。结果反映, 样本在事件随后六年的九一一相关PTS模式相对稳定。我们发现九一一相关PTS跟直接经历事件(B = 8.45, 95% CI [4.32, 12.56])和透过媒体(电视直播)经历事件(B = 1.78, 95% CI [0.90, 2.65])有关。样本在事件发生五年后的九一一相关PTS症状, 预测了他们在事件发生七年后, 对未来发生恐袭的恐惧和忧虑(B = 0.04, 95% CI [0.03, 0.05])。九一一袭击造成的心理效应, 在随后十年都可见于众多美国人身上。</description><identifier>ISSN: 0894-9867</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1573-6598</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/jts.22262</identifier><identifier>PMID: 29513914</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</publisher><subject>Anxiety ; Longitudinal studies ; Post traumatic stress disorder ; Social psychology ; Terrorism</subject><ispartof>Journal of traumatic stress, 2018-02, Vol.31 (1), p.146-156</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 2018 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies</rights><rights>Copyright © 2018 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3862-7c67905f079a5121e681ed8907d7c950be217da800d558ac1d035d6cb8742bd53</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3862-7c67905f079a5121e681ed8907d7c950be217da800d558ac1d035d6cb8742bd53</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002%2Fjts.22262$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002%2Fjts.22262$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,1411,27901,27902,45550,45551</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29513914$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Garfin, Dana Rose</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Poulin, Michael J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Blum, Scott</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Silver, Roxane Cohen</creatorcontrib><title>Aftermath of Terror: A Nationwide Longitudinal Study of Posttraumatic Stress and Worry Across the Decade Following the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks</title><title>Journal of traumatic stress</title><addtitle>J Trauma Stress</addtitle><description>Research conducted in the early years after the September 11, 2001 (9/11) terrorist attacks in New York, Pennsylvania, and Washington, DC demonstrated adverse psychological outcomes among residents of the United States who were exposed to the attacks both directly and indirectly via the media. However, less is known about the impact of this collective trauma over time. Beginning at the end of December 2006, a longitudinal study of a nationally representative sample of U.S. residents (Cohort 2, N = 1,613) examined the long‐term effects of 9/11, with annual assessments administered every year for 3 years. We assessed rates of 9/11‐related posttraumatic stress (PTS) annually during the first 2 years of the study; during the second and third years of the study, we assessed fear and worry regarding future terrorism. Rates of PTS among participants were compared with those assessed annually in a nationally representative sample between 2002 and 2004 (Cohort 1); results indicated a relatively stable pattern of 9/11‐related PTS symptoms for 6 years following the attacks. Five to six years after 9/11, we found an association between 9/11‐related PTS and both direct, B = 8.45, 95% CI [4.32, 12.59] and media‐based (live television), B = 1.78, 95% CI [0.90, 2.65] exposure to the attacks. Six to 7 years post‐9/11, fear and worry regarding future terrorism were predicted by 9/11‐related PTS symptoms that had been reported approximately 5 years after the attacks, B = 0.04, 95% CI [0.03, 0.05]. The psychological legacy of 9/11 was perceptible among many U.S. residents throughout the decade that followed.
Resumen
Spanish s by the Asociación Chilena de Estrés Traumático (ACET)
La secuela del terror: Un estudio nacional longitudinal del estrés postraumático a lo largo de la década del 9/11
LA SECUELA DEL TERROR
Investigaciones llevadas a cabo en los primeros años luego de los ataques terroristas del 11 de septiembre del 2001 (9/11) en Nueva York y Pensilvania demostraron que los estadounidenses expuestos experimentaron, tanto directamente como a través de los medios de comunicación, consecuencias psicológicas adversas. Sin embargo, se sabe menos sobre el impacto de este trauma colectivo en el tiempo. A partir de finales de diciembre de 2006, un estudio longitudinal de una muestra nacional representativa de estadounidenses (Cohorte 2, N = 1,613) examinó los efectos a largo plazo del 9/11; con tres evaluaciones anuales. Medimos tasas de estrés postraumático (EPT) asociado al 9/11 anualmente durante los dos primeros años del estudio; mientras que medimos miedo y preocupación con respecto al terrorismo futuro durante el segundo y tercer año del estudio. Tasas de EPT de los participantes fueron comparadas con aquellos evaluados en una muestra representativa de la población a nivel nacional entre el 2002 y el 2004 (Cohorte 1); los resultados indicaron un patrón relativamente estable de síntomas de EPT asociados al 9/11 durante los seis años posteriores a los ataques. Encontramos una asociación entre los síntomas de EPT asociados al 9/11 y ambas formas de exposición a los ataques, la exposición directa, B = 8.45, 95% IC [4.32, 12.56], y la exposición a través de medios de comunicación (televisión en vivo), B = 1.78, 95% IC [0.90, 2.65]. Los síntomas de EPT asociados al 9/11 que habían sido reportados cinco años después de los ataques, predijeron el miedo y preocupación con respecto al terrorismo futuro reportados siete años después del 9/11, B = 0.04, 95% IC [0.03, 0.05]. El legado psicológico del 9/11 fue percibido entre muchos estadounidenses a lo largo de la década lo siguió.
抽象
Traditional and Simplified Chinese s by AsianSTSS
The Aftermath of Terror: A Nationwide Longitudinal Study of Posttraumatic Stress across the 9/11 Decade
Traditional Chinese
標題: 恐怖襲擊的後遺症:有關九一一襲擊事件隨後十年的創傷後壓力全國性縱貫研究
撮要: 在2001年9月11日(九一一)襲擊事件後的幾年間, 紐約州和賓夕凡尼亞州進行的研究均反映, 直接經歷事件及間接透過媒體經歷事件的美國人有不良心理影響。可是, 我們對這種集體創傷隨時間造成的影響仍缺乏了解。我們自2006年12月底開始進行一項縱貫研究, 透過具全國代表性的樣本(同代樣本2, N = 1,613)檢視九一一事件的長遠效應。研究中包含3次年度評估。在研究首兩年, 我們每年評估樣本的九一一相關創傷後壓力(PTS)率。在第二和第三年, 我們評估樣本對未來發生恐怖襲擊的恐懼和憂慮。我們把這組樣本的PTS率跟另一組於2002 至2004年接受研究的全國代表性樣本(同代樣本1)作比較。結果反映, 樣本在事件隨後六年的九一一相關PTS模式相對穩定。我們發現九一一相關PTS跟直接經歷事件(B = 8.45, 95% CI [4.32, 12.56])和透過媒體(電視直播)經歷事件(B = 1.78, 95% CI [0.90, 2.65])有關。樣本在事件發生五年後的九一一相關PTS症狀, 預測了他們在事件發生七年後, 對未來發生恐襲的恐懼和憂慮(B = 0.04, 95% CI [0.03, 0.05])。九一一襲擊造成的心理效應, 在隨後十年都可見於眾多美國人身上。
Simplified Chinese
标题: 恐怖袭击的后遗症:有关九一一袭击事件随后十年的创伤后压力全国性纵贯研究
撮要: 在2001年9月11日(九一一)袭击事件后的几年间, 纽约州和宾夕凡尼亚州进行的研究均反映, 直接经历事件及间接透过媒体经历事件的美国人有不良心理影响。可是, 我们对这种集体创伤随时间造成的影响仍缺乏了解。我们自2006年12月底开始进行一项纵贯研究, 透过具全国代表性的样本(同代样本2, N = 1,613)检视九一一事件的长远效应。研究中包含3次年度评估。在研究首两年, 我们每年评估样本的九一一相关创伤后压力(PTS)率。在第二和第三年, 我们评估样本对未来发生恐怖袭击的恐惧和忧虑。我们把这组样本的PTS率跟另一组于2002 至2004年接受研究的全国代表性样本(同代样本1)作比较。结果反映, 样本在事件随后六年的九一一相关PTS模式相对稳定。我们发现九一一相关PTS跟直接经历事件(B = 8.45, 95% CI [4.32, 12.56])和透过媒体(电视直播)经历事件(B = 1.78, 95% CI [0.90, 2.65])有关。样本在事件发生五年后的九一一相关PTS症状, 预测了他们在事件发生七年后, 对未来发生恐袭的恐惧和忧虑(B = 0.04, 95% CI [0.03, 0.05])。九一一袭击造成的心理效应, 在随后十年都可见于众多美国人身上。</description><subject>Anxiety</subject><subject>Longitudinal studies</subject><subject>Post traumatic stress disorder</subject><subject>Social psychology</subject><subject>Terrorism</subject><issn>0894-9867</issn><issn>1573-6598</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2018</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp1kcuKFDEUhoMoTs_owheQgBsFayZJdSrJ7IpxxguNCt3iskglp2bSVlXaJEXTz-LLmr7oQnB1ws-X78D5EXpBySUlhF2tU7xkjFXsEZpRLsqi4ko-RjMi1bxQshJn6DzGNSFESiWfojOmOC0Vnc_Qr7pLEAadHrDv8ApC8OEa1_izTs6PW2cBL_x479Jk3ah7vMyP3R796mNKQU_5qzM5DhAj1qPF330IO1yb4HOQHgC_A6Oz5s73vd-68f4QLmGTYGghYErfYkYIPS13MeE6JW1-xGfoSaf7CM9P8wJ9u7td3XwoFl_ef7ypF4UpZcUKYSqhCO-IUJpTRqGSFKxURFhhFCctMCqsloRYzqU21JKS28q0UsxZa3l5gV4fvZvgf04QUzO4aKDv9Qh-ig0j2Uq54iyjr_5B134K-TAHipaVEmovfHOkDkcI0DWb4AYddg0lzb6xJjfWHBrL7MuTcWoHsH_JPxVl4OoIbF0Pu_-bmk-r5VH5G1Xgn00</recordid><startdate>201802</startdate><enddate>201802</enddate><creator>Garfin, Dana Rose</creator><creator>Poulin, Michael J.</creator><creator>Blum, Scott</creator><creator>Silver, Roxane Cohen</creator><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201802</creationdate><title>Aftermath of Terror: A Nationwide Longitudinal Study of Posttraumatic Stress and Worry Across the Decade Following the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks</title><author>Garfin, Dana Rose ; Poulin, Michael J. ; Blum, Scott ; Silver, Roxane Cohen</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3862-7c67905f079a5121e681ed8907d7c950be217da800d558ac1d035d6cb8742bd53</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><topic>Anxiety</topic><topic>Longitudinal studies</topic><topic>Post traumatic stress disorder</topic><topic>Social psychology</topic><topic>Terrorism</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Garfin, Dana Rose</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Poulin, Michael J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Blum, Scott</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Silver, Roxane Cohen</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Journal of traumatic stress</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Garfin, Dana Rose</au><au>Poulin, Michael J.</au><au>Blum, Scott</au><au>Silver, Roxane Cohen</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Aftermath of Terror: A Nationwide Longitudinal Study of Posttraumatic Stress and Worry Across the Decade Following the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks</atitle><jtitle>Journal of traumatic stress</jtitle><addtitle>J Trauma Stress</addtitle><date>2018-02</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>31</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>146</spage><epage>156</epage><pages>146-156</pages><issn>0894-9867</issn><eissn>1573-6598</eissn><abstract>Research conducted in the early years after the September 11, 2001 (9/11) terrorist attacks in New York, Pennsylvania, and Washington, DC demonstrated adverse psychological outcomes among residents of the United States who were exposed to the attacks both directly and indirectly via the media. However, less is known about the impact of this collective trauma over time. Beginning at the end of December 2006, a longitudinal study of a nationally representative sample of U.S. residents (Cohort 2, N = 1,613) examined the long‐term effects of 9/11, with annual assessments administered every year for 3 years. We assessed rates of 9/11‐related posttraumatic stress (PTS) annually during the first 2 years of the study; during the second and third years of the study, we assessed fear and worry regarding future terrorism. Rates of PTS among participants were compared with those assessed annually in a nationally representative sample between 2002 and 2004 (Cohort 1); results indicated a relatively stable pattern of 9/11‐related PTS symptoms for 6 years following the attacks. Five to six years after 9/11, we found an association between 9/11‐related PTS and both direct, B = 8.45, 95% CI [4.32, 12.59] and media‐based (live television), B = 1.78, 95% CI [0.90, 2.65] exposure to the attacks. Six to 7 years post‐9/11, fear and worry regarding future terrorism were predicted by 9/11‐related PTS symptoms that had been reported approximately 5 years after the attacks, B = 0.04, 95% CI [0.03, 0.05]. The psychological legacy of 9/11 was perceptible among many U.S. residents throughout the decade that followed.
Resumen
Spanish s by the Asociación Chilena de Estrés Traumático (ACET)
La secuela del terror: Un estudio nacional longitudinal del estrés postraumático a lo largo de la década del 9/11
LA SECUELA DEL TERROR
Investigaciones llevadas a cabo en los primeros años luego de los ataques terroristas del 11 de septiembre del 2001 (9/11) en Nueva York y Pensilvania demostraron que los estadounidenses expuestos experimentaron, tanto directamente como a través de los medios de comunicación, consecuencias psicológicas adversas. Sin embargo, se sabe menos sobre el impacto de este trauma colectivo en el tiempo. A partir de finales de diciembre de 2006, un estudio longitudinal de una muestra nacional representativa de estadounidenses (Cohorte 2, N = 1,613) examinó los efectos a largo plazo del 9/11; con tres evaluaciones anuales. Medimos tasas de estrés postraumático (EPT) asociado al 9/11 anualmente durante los dos primeros años del estudio; mientras que medimos miedo y preocupación con respecto al terrorismo futuro durante el segundo y tercer año del estudio. Tasas de EPT de los participantes fueron comparadas con aquellos evaluados en una muestra representativa de la población a nivel nacional entre el 2002 y el 2004 (Cohorte 1); los resultados indicaron un patrón relativamente estable de síntomas de EPT asociados al 9/11 durante los seis años posteriores a los ataques. Encontramos una asociación entre los síntomas de EPT asociados al 9/11 y ambas formas de exposición a los ataques, la exposición directa, B = 8.45, 95% IC [4.32, 12.56], y la exposición a través de medios de comunicación (televisión en vivo), B = 1.78, 95% IC [0.90, 2.65]. Los síntomas de EPT asociados al 9/11 que habían sido reportados cinco años después de los ataques, predijeron el miedo y preocupación con respecto al terrorismo futuro reportados siete años después del 9/11, B = 0.04, 95% IC [0.03, 0.05]. El legado psicológico del 9/11 fue percibido entre muchos estadounidenses a lo largo de la década lo siguió.
抽象
Traditional and Simplified Chinese s by AsianSTSS
The Aftermath of Terror: A Nationwide Longitudinal Study of Posttraumatic Stress across the 9/11 Decade
Traditional Chinese
標題: 恐怖襲擊的後遺症:有關九一一襲擊事件隨後十年的創傷後壓力全國性縱貫研究
撮要: 在2001年9月11日(九一一)襲擊事件後的幾年間, 紐約州和賓夕凡尼亞州進行的研究均反映, 直接經歷事件及間接透過媒體經歷事件的美國人有不良心理影響。可是, 我們對這種集體創傷隨時間造成的影響仍缺乏了解。我們自2006年12月底開始進行一項縱貫研究, 透過具全國代表性的樣本(同代樣本2, N = 1,613)檢視九一一事件的長遠效應。研究中包含3次年度評估。在研究首兩年, 我們每年評估樣本的九一一相關創傷後壓力(PTS)率。在第二和第三年, 我們評估樣本對未來發生恐怖襲擊的恐懼和憂慮。我們把這組樣本的PTS率跟另一組於2002 至2004年接受研究的全國代表性樣本(同代樣本1)作比較。結果反映, 樣本在事件隨後六年的九一一相關PTS模式相對穩定。我們發現九一一相關PTS跟直接經歷事件(B = 8.45, 95% CI [4.32, 12.56])和透過媒體(電視直播)經歷事件(B = 1.78, 95% CI [0.90, 2.65])有關。樣本在事件發生五年後的九一一相關PTS症狀, 預測了他們在事件發生七年後, 對未來發生恐襲的恐懼和憂慮(B = 0.04, 95% CI [0.03, 0.05])。九一一襲擊造成的心理效應, 在隨後十年都可見於眾多美國人身上。
Simplified Chinese
标题: 恐怖袭击的后遗症:有关九一一袭击事件随后十年的创伤后压力全国性纵贯研究
撮要: 在2001年9月11日(九一一)袭击事件后的几年间, 纽约州和宾夕凡尼亚州进行的研究均反映, 直接经历事件及间接透过媒体经历事件的美国人有不良心理影响。可是, 我们对这种集体创伤随时间造成的影响仍缺乏了解。我们自2006年12月底开始进行一项纵贯研究, 透过具全国代表性的样本(同代样本2, N = 1,613)检视九一一事件的长远效应。研究中包含3次年度评估。在研究首两年, 我们每年评估样本的九一一相关创伤后压力(PTS)率。在第二和第三年, 我们评估样本对未来发生恐怖袭击的恐惧和忧虑。我们把这组样本的PTS率跟另一组于2002 至2004年接受研究的全国代表性样本(同代样本1)作比较。结果反映, 样本在事件随后六年的九一一相关PTS模式相对稳定。我们发现九一一相关PTS跟直接经历事件(B = 8.45, 95% CI [4.32, 12.56])和透过媒体(电视直播)经历事件(B = 1.78, 95% CI [0.90, 2.65])有关。样本在事件发生五年后的九一一相关PTS症状, 预测了他们在事件发生七年后, 对未来发生恐袭的恐惧和忧虑(B = 0.04, 95% CI [0.03, 0.05])。九一一袭击造成的心理效应, 在随后十年都可见于众多美国人身上。</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</pub><pmid>29513914</pmid><doi>10.1002/jts.22262</doi><tpages>11</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0894-9867 |
| ispartof | Journal of traumatic stress, 2018-02, Vol.31 (1), p.146-156 |
| issn | 0894-9867 1573-6598 |
| language | eng |
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| source | Wiley Online Library Journals Frontfile Complete |
| subjects | Anxiety Longitudinal studies Post traumatic stress disorder Social psychology Terrorism |
| title | Aftermath of Terror: A Nationwide Longitudinal Study of Posttraumatic Stress and Worry Across the Decade Following the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks |
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