Structure and floristic composition of dry forests and savannas in the Llanos orientales of the Orinoco river, Venezuela

In the Llanos Orientates of Venezuela, agricultural activities, forestry and petroleum exploration and exploitation cause negative environmental impacts on the vegetation. In order to minimize such impacts and to justify the importance of preserving representative areas of fragile communities, detailed ecological and floristic information is required regarding the local vegetal communities. In an area located within the influence zone of the bituminous strip of the Orinoco, the vegetation was mapped and characterized floristically and structurally. The area is covered by dense (54.8%) and sparse (18.4%) shrub savannas, palm swamp forests or "morichales" (1%), and riparian and deciduous and semideciduous forests (25.8%). The distribution of forests, morichales and savannas appears to be related with the topography and the gradient of soil humidity availability, since forests and morichales are present in the form of continuous and narrow strips along rivers, while the savannas predominate in the higher parts of the relief. Forests and morichales showed high floristic and structural heterogeneity, which can be associated with soil characteristics and water availability. Savannas showed structural and floristic differences between them, probably due to differences in soil depth and chemical characteristics. Few species of each vegetation type presented a high importance value (IVI), which seems to be something common in other neotropical zones. Forests and morichales should be given high priority for conservation because of the protection they provide to the soils and waters, the little surface that they occupy, and the high biodiversity these forests contain.