Estimates of microbial quality and concentration of copper in distributed drinking water are highly dependent on sampling strategy
The numbers of bacteria generally increase in distributed water. Often household pipelines or water fittings (e.g., taps) represent the most critical location for microbial growth in water distribution systems. According to the European Union drinking water directive, there should not be abnormal ch...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | International journal of hygiene and environmental health 2007-12, Vol.210 (6), p.725-732 |
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| container_title | International journal of hygiene and environmental health |
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| creator | Lehtola, Markku J. Miettinen, Ilkka T. Hirvonen, Arja Vartiainen, Terttu Martikainen, Pertti J. |
| description | The numbers of bacteria generally increase in distributed water. Often household pipelines or water fittings (e.g., taps) represent the most critical location for microbial growth in water distribution systems. According to the European Union drinking water directive, there should not be abnormal changes in the colony counts in water. We used a pilot distribution system to study the effects of water stagnation on drinking water microbial quality, concentration of copper and formation of biofilms with two commonly used pipeline materials in households; copper and plastic (polyethylene). Water stagnation for more than 4h significantly increased both the copper concentration and the number of bacteria in water. Heterotrophic plate counts were six times higher in PE pipes and ten times higher in copper pipes after 16h of stagnation than after only 40min stagnation. The increase in the heterotrophic plate counts was linear with time in both copper and plastic pipelines. In the distribution system, bacteria originated mainly from biofilms, because in laboratory tests with water, there was only minor growth of bacteria after 16h stagnation. Our study indicates that water stagnation in the distribution system clearly affects microbial numbers and the concentration of copper in water, and should be considered when planning the sampling strategy for drinking water quality control in distribution systems. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.ijheh.2006.11.011 |
| format | Article |
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Often household pipelines or water fittings (e.g., taps) represent the most critical location for microbial growth in water distribution systems. According to the European Union drinking water directive, there should not be abnormal changes in the colony counts in water. We used a pilot distribution system to study the effects of water stagnation on drinking water microbial quality, concentration of copper and formation of biofilms with two commonly used pipeline materials in households; copper and plastic (polyethylene). Water stagnation for more than 4h significantly increased both the copper concentration and the number of bacteria in water. Heterotrophic plate counts were six times higher in PE pipes and ten times higher in copper pipes after 16h of stagnation than after only 40min stagnation. The increase in the heterotrophic plate counts was linear with time in both copper and plastic pipelines. In the distribution system, bacteria originated mainly from biofilms, because in laboratory tests with water, there was only minor growth of bacteria after 16h stagnation. Our study indicates that water stagnation in the distribution system clearly affects microbial numbers and the concentration of copper in water, and should be considered when planning the sampling strategy for drinking water quality control in distribution systems.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1438-4639</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1618-131X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2006.11.011</identifier><identifier>PMID: 17223387</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Jena: Elsevier GmbH</publisher><subject>Air. Soil. Water. Waste. Feeding ; Bacteria ; Biofilms ; Biological and medical sciences ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Copper ; Copper - analysis ; Distribution system ; Drinking water ; Environment. Living conditions ; Environmental Monitoring - methods ; Finland ; Medical sciences ; Miscellaneous ; Plastic ; Polyethylene ; Public health. Hygiene ; Public health. 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Often household pipelines or water fittings (e.g., taps) represent the most critical location for microbial growth in water distribution systems. According to the European Union drinking water directive, there should not be abnormal changes in the colony counts in water. We used a pilot distribution system to study the effects of water stagnation on drinking water microbial quality, concentration of copper and formation of biofilms with two commonly used pipeline materials in households; copper and plastic (polyethylene). Water stagnation for more than 4h significantly increased both the copper concentration and the number of bacteria in water. Heterotrophic plate counts were six times higher in PE pipes and ten times higher in copper pipes after 16h of stagnation than after only 40min stagnation. The increase in the heterotrophic plate counts was linear with time in both copper and plastic pipelines. In the distribution system, bacteria originated mainly from biofilms, because in laboratory tests with water, there was only minor growth of bacteria after 16h stagnation. Our study indicates that water stagnation in the distribution system clearly affects microbial numbers and the concentration of copper in water, and should be considered when planning the sampling strategy for drinking water quality control in distribution systems.</description><subject>Air. Soil. Water. Waste. Feeding</subject><subject>Bacteria</subject><subject>Biofilms</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Colony Count, Microbial</subject><subject>Copper</subject><subject>Copper - analysis</subject><subject>Distribution system</subject><subject>Drinking water</subject><subject>Environment. Living conditions</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring - methods</subject><subject>Finland</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Miscellaneous</subject><subject>Plastic</subject><subject>Polyethylene</subject><subject>Public health. Hygiene</subject><subject>Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine</subject><subject>Quality control</subject><subject>Research Design</subject><subject>Stagnation</subject><subject>Toxicology</subject><subject>Water Microbiology</subject><subject>Water Movements</subject><subject>Water Pollutants - analysis</subject><subject>Water Supply - analysis</subject><issn>1438-4639</issn><issn>1618-131X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2007</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kU2L1TAYRoMozof-AkGy0V1r3qZN24ULGUZHGHCj4C7k4-29ubZpJ0lH7tZfbuq9MDtXDeU8h3BCyBtgJTAQHw6lO-xxX1aMiRKgZADPyCUI6Arg8PN5Pte8K2rB-wtyFeOBsQpY178kF9BWFedde0n-3MbkJpUw0nmgkzNh1k6N9GFVo0tHqrylZvYGfQoqudlvmJmXBQN1nloXU3B6TWipDc7_cn5Hf2ddoCog3bvdfjxSiwt6mxU076OalnHD4mbE3fEVeTGoMeLr8_ea_Ph8-_3mrrj_9uXrzaf7wtTQpcLYxnatFl0tesWNbmrgFa8FU8ZqpVHbus-_hqrpKmE6bpjFljV6wAbbQbT8mrw_eZcwP6wYk5xcNDiOyuO8Rpk7NoJVG8hPYI4RY8BBLiE3CkcJTG7p5UH-S79NhASQOX1evT3rVz2hfdqcW2fg3RlQ0ahxCMobF5-4vs823mTu44nDHOPRYZDROMxPYF1Ak6Sd3X8v8hd1faYt</recordid><startdate>20071201</startdate><enddate>20071201</enddate><creator>Lehtola, Markku J.</creator><creator>Miettinen, Ilkka T.</creator><creator>Hirvonen, Arja</creator><creator>Vartiainen, Terttu</creator><creator>Martikainen, Pertti J.</creator><general>Elsevier GmbH</general><general>Elsevier</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7TV</scope><scope>7U2</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H97</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>P64</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20071201</creationdate><title>Estimates of microbial quality and concentration of copper in distributed drinking water are highly dependent on sampling strategy</title><author>Lehtola, Markku J. ; Miettinen, Ilkka T. ; Hirvonen, Arja ; Vartiainen, Terttu ; Martikainen, Pertti J.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c418t-cd5d87b68469a3cb541323460acdbabebd49413f25826c83c0de705bfe5e7f673</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2007</creationdate><topic>Air. Soil. Water. Waste. Feeding</topic><topic>Bacteria</topic><topic>Biofilms</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Colony Count, Microbial</topic><topic>Copper</topic><topic>Copper - analysis</topic><topic>Distribution system</topic><topic>Drinking water</topic><topic>Environment. Living conditions</topic><topic>Environmental Monitoring - methods</topic><topic>Finland</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Miscellaneous</topic><topic>Plastic</topic><topic>Polyethylene</topic><topic>Public health. Hygiene</topic><topic>Public health. 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| subjects | Air. Soil. Water. Waste. Feeding Bacteria Biofilms Biological and medical sciences Colony Count, Microbial Copper Copper - analysis Distribution system Drinking water Environment. Living conditions Environmental Monitoring - methods Finland Medical sciences Miscellaneous Plastic Polyethylene Public health. Hygiene Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine Quality control Research Design Stagnation Toxicology Water Microbiology Water Movements Water Pollutants - analysis Water Supply - analysis |
| title | Estimates of microbial quality and concentration of copper in distributed drinking water are highly dependent on sampling strategy |
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