Comparing the Effects of Chitosan Scaffolds Containing Various Divalent Metal Phosphates on Osteogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth
Inducing the differentiation of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) proceeds with low efficiency, which greatly limits clinical applications. Divalent metal elements play an important role in osteoinductivity for bone remodeling because they can simulate bone formation and decre...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Biological trace element research 2018-10, Vol.185 (2), p.316-326 |
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| description | Inducing the differentiation of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) proceeds with low efficiency, which greatly limits clinical applications. Divalent metal elements play an important role in osteoinductivity for bone remodeling because they can simulate bone formation and decrease bone resorption. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of some divalent metal phosphates on osteogenic differentiation from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. These divalent metal ions can be gradually released from the scaffold into the culture medium and continually induce osteoblastic differentiation. Experimental results revealed that SHEDs cultured in chitosan scaffolds containing divalent metal phosphates had notably increased osteoblastic differentiation compared with cells cultured without divalent metal phosphates. This effect was due to the high activity of alkaline phosphatase, as well as the bone-related gene expression of collagen type I, Runx2, osteopontin, osteocalcin, VEGF, and Ang-1, shown through RT-PCR and bone-related protein immunocytochemistry stains. A calcium-content assay further revealed significant enhancement of deposited minerals on the scaffolds after 21 days of culture, particularly for magnesium phosphate and zinc phosphate. Thus, divalent metals, except for barium phosphate, effectively promoted SHED cell differentiation and osteoblastic cell maturation. This study demonstrated that the divalent metal elements magnesium, strontium, and zinc could effectively induce SHED osteoblastic differentiation for use in tissue engineering and bone repair. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s12011-018-1256-7 |
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Divalent metal elements play an important role in osteoinductivity for bone remodeling because they can simulate bone formation and decrease bone resorption. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of some divalent metal phosphates on osteogenic differentiation from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. These divalent metal ions can be gradually released from the scaffold into the culture medium and continually induce osteoblastic differentiation. Experimental results revealed that SHEDs cultured in chitosan scaffolds containing divalent metal phosphates had notably increased osteoblastic differentiation compared with cells cultured without divalent metal phosphates. This effect was due to the high activity of alkaline phosphatase, as well as the bone-related gene expression of collagen type I, Runx2, osteopontin, osteocalcin, VEGF, and Ang-1, shown through RT-PCR and bone-related protein immunocytochemistry stains. A calcium-content assay further revealed significant enhancement of deposited minerals on the scaffolds after 21 days of culture, particularly for magnesium phosphate and zinc phosphate. Thus, divalent metals, except for barium phosphate, effectively promoted SHED cell differentiation and osteoblastic cell maturation. This study demonstrated that the divalent metal elements magnesium, strontium, and zinc could effectively induce SHED osteoblastic differentiation for use in tissue engineering and bone repair.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0163-4984</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1559-0720</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1256-7</identifier><identifier>PMID: 29399740</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York: Springer US</publisher><subject>Alkaline phosphatase ; Barium ; Barium Compounds - chemical synthesis ; Barium Compounds - chemistry ; Barium Compounds - pharmacology ; Biochemistry ; Biocompatibility ; Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Biotechnology ; Bone growth ; Bone healing ; Bone remodeling ; Bone resorption ; Bones ; Calcium ; Cbfa-1 protein ; Cell culture ; Cell differentiation ; Cell Differentiation - drug effects ; Cell Proliferation - drug effects ; Cell Survival - drug effects ; Child ; Chitosan ; Chitosan - chemistry ; Chitosan - pharmacology ; Collagen ; Collagen (type I) ; Culture media ; Differentiation (biology) ; DNA ; Gene expression ; Heavy metals ; Humans ; Immunocytochemistry ; Life Sciences ; Magnesium ; Magnesium Compounds - chemical synthesis ; Magnesium Compounds - chemistry ; Magnesium Compounds - pharmacology ; Magnesium phosphate ; Metals ; Minerals ; Nucleotide sequence ; Nutrition ; Oncology ; Osteoblastogenesis ; Osteoblasts ; Osteoblasts - cytology ; Osteoblasts - drug effects ; Osteocalcin ; Osteogenesis ; Osteogenesis - drug effects ; PCR ; Phosphatase ; Phosphates ; Phosphates - chemical synthesis ; Phosphates - chemistry ; Phosphates - pharmacology ; Polymerase chain reaction ; Proteins ; Scaffolds ; Sheds ; Stem cells ; Stem Cells - cytology ; Stem Cells - drug effects ; Strontium ; Strontium - chemistry ; Strontium - pharmacology ; Teeth ; Tissue ; Tissue engineering ; Tooth, Deciduous - cytology ; Vascular endothelial growth factor ; Zinc ; Zinc Compounds - chemical synthesis ; Zinc Compounds - chemistry ; Zinc Compounds - pharmacology ; Zinc phosphate</subject><ispartof>Biological trace element research, 2018-10, Vol.185 (2), p.316-326</ispartof><rights>Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018</rights><rights>Biological Trace Element Research is a copyright of Springer, (2018). All Rights Reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c372t-43c21eead3481db75013207cc0652ac002aea882970c6ef1c41608294a0c20663</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c372t-43c21eead3481db75013207cc0652ac002aea882970c6ef1c41608294a0c20663</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12011-018-1256-7$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12011-018-1256-7$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29399740$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Huang, Te-Yang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Su, Wen-Ta</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Po-Hung</creatorcontrib><title>Comparing the Effects of Chitosan Scaffolds Containing Various Divalent Metal Phosphates on Osteogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth</title><title>Biological trace element research</title><addtitle>Biol Trace Elem Res</addtitle><addtitle>Biol Trace Elem Res</addtitle><description>Inducing the differentiation of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) proceeds with low efficiency, which greatly limits clinical applications. Divalent metal elements play an important role in osteoinductivity for bone remodeling because they can simulate bone formation and decrease bone resorption. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of some divalent metal phosphates on osteogenic differentiation from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. These divalent metal ions can be gradually released from the scaffold into the culture medium and continually induce osteoblastic differentiation. Experimental results revealed that SHEDs cultured in chitosan scaffolds containing divalent metal phosphates had notably increased osteoblastic differentiation compared with cells cultured without divalent metal phosphates. This effect was due to the high activity of alkaline phosphatase, as well as the bone-related gene expression of collagen type I, Runx2, osteopontin, osteocalcin, VEGF, and Ang-1, shown through RT-PCR and bone-related protein immunocytochemistry stains. A calcium-content assay further revealed significant enhancement of deposited minerals on the scaffolds after 21 days of culture, particularly for magnesium phosphate and zinc phosphate. Thus, divalent metals, except for barium phosphate, effectively promoted SHED cell differentiation and osteoblastic cell maturation. This study demonstrated that the divalent metal elements magnesium, strontium, and zinc could effectively induce SHED osteoblastic differentiation for use in tissue engineering and bone repair.</description><subject>Alkaline phosphatase</subject><subject>Barium</subject><subject>Barium Compounds - chemical synthesis</subject><subject>Barium Compounds - chemistry</subject><subject>Barium Compounds - pharmacology</subject><subject>Biochemistry</subject><subject>Biocompatibility</subject><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biotechnology</subject><subject>Bone growth</subject><subject>Bone healing</subject><subject>Bone remodeling</subject><subject>Bone resorption</subject><subject>Bones</subject><subject>Calcium</subject><subject>Cbfa-1 protein</subject><subject>Cell culture</subject><subject>Cell differentiation</subject><subject>Cell Differentiation - drug effects</subject><subject>Cell Proliferation - drug effects</subject><subject>Cell Survival - drug effects</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Chitosan</subject><subject>Chitosan - chemistry</subject><subject>Chitosan - pharmacology</subject><subject>Collagen</subject><subject>Collagen (type I)</subject><subject>Culture media</subject><subject>Differentiation (biology)</subject><subject>DNA</subject><subject>Gene expression</subject><subject>Heavy metals</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Immunocytochemistry</subject><subject>Life Sciences</subject><subject>Magnesium</subject><subject>Magnesium Compounds - chemical synthesis</subject><subject>Magnesium Compounds - chemistry</subject><subject>Magnesium Compounds - pharmacology</subject><subject>Magnesium phosphate</subject><subject>Metals</subject><subject>Minerals</subject><subject>Nucleotide sequence</subject><subject>Nutrition</subject><subject>Oncology</subject><subject>Osteoblastogenesis</subject><subject>Osteoblasts</subject><subject>Osteoblasts - cytology</subject><subject>Osteoblasts - drug effects</subject><subject>Osteocalcin</subject><subject>Osteogenesis</subject><subject>Osteogenesis - drug effects</subject><subject>PCR</subject><subject>Phosphatase</subject><subject>Phosphates</subject><subject>Phosphates - chemical synthesis</subject><subject>Phosphates - chemistry</subject><subject>Phosphates - pharmacology</subject><subject>Polymerase chain reaction</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>Scaffolds</subject><subject>Sheds</subject><subject>Stem cells</subject><subject>Stem Cells - cytology</subject><subject>Stem Cells - drug effects</subject><subject>Strontium</subject><subject>Strontium - chemistry</subject><subject>Strontium - pharmacology</subject><subject>Teeth</subject><subject>Tissue</subject><subject>Tissue engineering</subject><subject>Tooth, Deciduous - cytology</subject><subject>Vascular endothelial growth factor</subject><subject>Zinc</subject><subject>Zinc Compounds - chemical synthesis</subject><subject>Zinc Compounds - chemistry</subject><subject>Zinc Compounds - pharmacology</subject><subject>Zinc phosphate</subject><issn>0163-4984</issn><issn>1559-0720</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2018</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kV9r1jAUxoM43Ov0A3gjAW-8qTtJ2qa9lO7VCRsTNr0tWXq6ZrRNTVLRr-Sn9JR3igy8SQj5PX_gYeyVgHcCQJ9GIUGIDESVCVmUmX7CdqIo6gy0hKdsB6JUWV5X-TF7HuM9gNCyVs_YMZ11rXPYsV-NnxYT3HzH04B83_doU-S-583gko9m5tfW9L0fu8gbPyfj5g3-Shq_Rn7mvpsR58QvMZmRfx58XAaTkCxmfhUT-jucnSWOnAOBziRHXxRwnXDiDY5j5H3wEz9fJ0rb_6AsgrDjZ2hdt24pN4hpeMGOejNGfPlwn7AvH_Y3zXl2cfXxU_P-IrNKy5TlykqBaDqVV6K71QUIJUFbC2UhjQWQBk1VyVqDLbEXNhcl0DM3YCWUpTphbw--S_DfVoypnVy01NPMSGVaUde5KnNyI_TNI_Ter2GmdhulKl2IWhElDpQNPsaAfbsEN5nwsxXQbkO2hyFbGrLdhmw1aV4_OK-3E3Z_FX-WI0AegLhs62H4J_q_rr8BAmep8A</recordid><startdate>20181001</startdate><enddate>20181001</enddate><creator>Huang, Te-Yang</creator><creator>Su, Wen-Ta</creator><creator>Chen, Po-Hung</creator><general>Springer US</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QH</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7TN</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88A</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H97</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20181001</creationdate><title>Comparing the Effects of Chitosan Scaffolds Containing Various Divalent Metal Phosphates on Osteogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth</title><author>Huang, Te-Yang ; Su, Wen-Ta ; Chen, Po-Hung</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c372t-43c21eead3481db75013207cc0652ac002aea882970c6ef1c41608294a0c20663</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><topic>Alkaline phosphatase</topic><topic>Barium</topic><topic>Barium Compounds - chemical synthesis</topic><topic>Barium Compounds - chemistry</topic><topic>Barium Compounds - pharmacology</topic><topic>Biochemistry</topic><topic>Biocompatibility</topic><topic>Biomedical and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Biotechnology</topic><topic>Bone growth</topic><topic>Bone healing</topic><topic>Bone remodeling</topic><topic>Bone resorption</topic><topic>Bones</topic><topic>Calcium</topic><topic>Cbfa-1 protein</topic><topic>Cell culture</topic><topic>Cell differentiation</topic><topic>Cell Differentiation - drug effects</topic><topic>Cell Proliferation - drug effects</topic><topic>Cell Survival - drug effects</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Chitosan</topic><topic>Chitosan - chemistry</topic><topic>Chitosan - pharmacology</topic><topic>Collagen</topic><topic>Collagen (type I)</topic><topic>Culture media</topic><topic>Differentiation (biology)</topic><topic>DNA</topic><topic>Gene expression</topic><topic>Heavy metals</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Immunocytochemistry</topic><topic>Life Sciences</topic><topic>Magnesium</topic><topic>Magnesium Compounds - chemical synthesis</topic><topic>Magnesium Compounds - chemistry</topic><topic>Magnesium Compounds - pharmacology</topic><topic>Magnesium phosphate</topic><topic>Metals</topic><topic>Minerals</topic><topic>Nucleotide sequence</topic><topic>Nutrition</topic><topic>Oncology</topic><topic>Osteoblastogenesis</topic><topic>Osteoblasts</topic><topic>Osteoblasts - cytology</topic><topic>Osteoblasts - drug effects</topic><topic>Osteocalcin</topic><topic>Osteogenesis</topic><topic>Osteogenesis - drug effects</topic><topic>PCR</topic><topic>Phosphatase</topic><topic>Phosphates</topic><topic>Phosphates - chemical synthesis</topic><topic>Phosphates - chemistry</topic><topic>Phosphates - pharmacology</topic><topic>Polymerase chain reaction</topic><topic>Proteins</topic><topic>Scaffolds</topic><topic>Sheds</topic><topic>Stem cells</topic><topic>Stem Cells - cytology</topic><topic>Stem Cells - drug effects</topic><topic>Strontium</topic><topic>Strontium - chemistry</topic><topic>Strontium - pharmacology</topic><topic>Teeth</topic><topic>Tissue</topic><topic>Tissue engineering</topic><topic>Tooth, Deciduous - cytology</topic><topic>Vascular endothelial growth factor</topic><topic>Zinc</topic><topic>Zinc Compounds - chemical synthesis</topic><topic>Zinc Compounds - chemistry</topic><topic>Zinc Compounds - pharmacology</topic><topic>Zinc phosphate</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Huang, Te-Yang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Su, Wen-Ta</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Po-Hung</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Aqualine</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Oceanic Abstracts</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Biology Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Biological trace element research</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Huang, Te-Yang</au><au>Su, Wen-Ta</au><au>Chen, Po-Hung</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Comparing the Effects of Chitosan Scaffolds Containing Various Divalent Metal Phosphates on Osteogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth</atitle><jtitle>Biological trace element research</jtitle><stitle>Biol Trace Elem Res</stitle><addtitle>Biol Trace Elem Res</addtitle><date>2018-10-01</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>185</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>316</spage><epage>326</epage><pages>316-326</pages><issn>0163-4984</issn><eissn>1559-0720</eissn><abstract>Inducing the differentiation of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) proceeds with low efficiency, which greatly limits clinical applications. Divalent metal elements play an important role in osteoinductivity for bone remodeling because they can simulate bone formation and decrease bone resorption. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of some divalent metal phosphates on osteogenic differentiation from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. These divalent metal ions can be gradually released from the scaffold into the culture medium and continually induce osteoblastic differentiation. Experimental results revealed that SHEDs cultured in chitosan scaffolds containing divalent metal phosphates had notably increased osteoblastic differentiation compared with cells cultured without divalent metal phosphates. This effect was due to the high activity of alkaline phosphatase, as well as the bone-related gene expression of collagen type I, Runx2, osteopontin, osteocalcin, VEGF, and Ang-1, shown through RT-PCR and bone-related protein immunocytochemistry stains. A calcium-content assay further revealed significant enhancement of deposited minerals on the scaffolds after 21 days of culture, particularly for magnesium phosphate and zinc phosphate. Thus, divalent metals, except for barium phosphate, effectively promoted SHED cell differentiation and osteoblastic cell maturation. This study demonstrated that the divalent metal elements magnesium, strontium, and zinc could effectively induce SHED osteoblastic differentiation for use in tissue engineering and bone repair.</abstract><cop>New York</cop><pub>Springer US</pub><pmid>29399740</pmid><doi>10.1007/s12011-018-1256-7</doi><tpages>11</tpages></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; SpringerLink Journals |
| subjects | Alkaline phosphatase Barium Barium Compounds - chemical synthesis Barium Compounds - chemistry Barium Compounds - pharmacology Biochemistry Biocompatibility Biomedical and Life Sciences Biotechnology Bone growth Bone healing Bone remodeling Bone resorption Bones Calcium Cbfa-1 protein Cell culture Cell differentiation Cell Differentiation - drug effects Cell Proliferation - drug effects Cell Survival - drug effects Child Chitosan Chitosan - chemistry Chitosan - pharmacology Collagen Collagen (type I) Culture media Differentiation (biology) DNA Gene expression Heavy metals Humans Immunocytochemistry Life Sciences Magnesium Magnesium Compounds - chemical synthesis Magnesium Compounds - chemistry Magnesium Compounds - pharmacology Magnesium phosphate Metals Minerals Nucleotide sequence Nutrition Oncology Osteoblastogenesis Osteoblasts Osteoblasts - cytology Osteoblasts - drug effects Osteocalcin Osteogenesis Osteogenesis - drug effects PCR Phosphatase Phosphates Phosphates - chemical synthesis Phosphates - chemistry Phosphates - pharmacology Polymerase chain reaction Proteins Scaffolds Sheds Stem cells Stem Cells - cytology Stem Cells - drug effects Strontium Strontium - chemistry Strontium - pharmacology Teeth Tissue Tissue engineering Tooth, Deciduous - cytology Vascular endothelial growth factor Zinc Zinc Compounds - chemical synthesis Zinc Compounds - chemistry Zinc Compounds - pharmacology Zinc phosphate |
| title | Comparing the Effects of Chitosan Scaffolds Containing Various Divalent Metal Phosphates on Osteogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth |
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