Effect of Ischemic Preconditioning on Maximal Swimming Performance
ABSTRACTThe effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on swimming performance was examined. Using a randomized, crossover design, National-and International-level swimmers (n=20; 14 males, 6 females) participated in three trials (Con, IPC-2h, IPC-24h). Lower-body IPC (4 x 5 min bi-lateral blood-flow...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of strength and conditioning research 2021-01, Vol.35 (1), p.221-226 |
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| creator | Williams, Natalie Russell, Mark Cook, Christian J. Kilduff, Liam P. |
| description | ABSTRACTThe effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on swimming performance was examined. Using a randomized, crossover design, National-and International-level swimmers (n=20; 14 males, 6 females) participated in three trials (Con, IPC-2h, IPC-24h). Lower-body IPC (4 x 5 min bi-lateral blood-flow restriction at 160-228 mmHg, and 5 min reperfusion) was used 2- (IPC-2h) or 24-h (IPC-24h) before a self-selected (100 m, n=15; 200 m, n=5) swimming time-trial (TT). The Con trial used a sham intervention (15 mmHg) 2h prior to exercise. All trials required a 40-min standardized pre-competition swimming warm-up (followed by 20-min rest; replicating pre-competition call room procedures) 1h before TT. Capillary blood (pH, blood gases and lactate concentrations) was taken immediately pre-and post-IPC, pre-TT and post-TT. No effects on TT for 100 m (P=0.995; IPC-2h64.94±8.33 s; IPC-24h64.67±8.50 s; Con64.94± 8.24 s), 200 m (P=0.405; IPC-2h127.70±10.66 s; IPC-24h129.26±12.99 s; Con130.19±10.27 s) or combined total time (IPC-2h84.27±31.52 s; IPC-24h79.87±29.72 s; Con80.55±31.35 s) were observed following IPC. Base excess (IPC-2h-13.37±8.90 mmol⋅L; Con-13.35±7.07 mmol⋅L; IPC-24h-16.53±4.65 mmol⋅L), pH (0.22±0.08; all conditions), bicarbonate (IPC-2h-11.66±3.52 mmol⋅L; Con-11.62±5.59 mmol⋅L; IPC-24h-8.47±9.02 mmol⋅L), total carbon dioxide (IPC-2h-12.90±3.92 mmol⋅L; Con-11.55±7.61 mmol⋅L; IPC-24h9.90±8.40 mmol⋅L), percentage oxygen saturation (IPC-2h-0.16±1.86%; Con+0.20±1.93%; IPC-24h+0.47±2.10%) and blood lactate (IPC-2h+12.87±3.62 mmol⋅L; Con+12.41±4.02 mmol⋅L; IPC-24h+13.27±3.81 mmol⋅L) were influenced by swimming TT (P0.05). No effect of IPC was seen when applied 2- or 24-h before swimming TT on any indices of performance or physiological measures recorded. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002485 |
| format | Article |
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Using a randomized, crossover design, National-and International-level swimmers (n=20; 14 males, 6 females) participated in three trials (Con, IPC-2h, IPC-24h). Lower-body IPC (4 x 5 min bi-lateral blood-flow restriction at 160-228 mmHg, and 5 min reperfusion) was used 2- (IPC-2h) or 24-h (IPC-24h) before a self-selected (100 m, n=15; 200 m, n=5) swimming time-trial (TT). The Con trial used a sham intervention (15 mmHg) 2h prior to exercise. All trials required a 40-min standardized pre-competition swimming warm-up (followed by 20-min rest; replicating pre-competition call room procedures) 1h before TT. Capillary blood (pH, blood gases and lactate concentrations) was taken immediately pre-and post-IPC, pre-TT and post-TT. No effects on TT for 100 m (P=0.995; IPC-2h64.94±8.33 s; IPC-24h64.67±8.50 s; Con64.94± 8.24 s), 200 m (P=0.405; IPC-2h127.70±10.66 s; IPC-24h129.26±12.99 s; Con130.19±10.27 s) or combined total time (IPC-2h84.27±31.52 s; IPC-24h79.87±29.72 s; Con80.55±31.35 s) were observed following IPC. Base excess (IPC-2h-13.37±8.90 mmol⋅L; Con-13.35±7.07 mmol⋅L; IPC-24h-16.53±4.65 mmol⋅L), pH (0.22±0.08; all conditions), bicarbonate (IPC-2h-11.66±3.52 mmol⋅L; Con-11.62±5.59 mmol⋅L; IPC-24h-8.47±9.02 mmol⋅L), total carbon dioxide (IPC-2h-12.90±3.92 mmol⋅L; Con-11.55±7.61 mmol⋅L; IPC-24h9.90±8.40 mmol⋅L), percentage oxygen saturation (IPC-2h-0.16±1.86%; Con+0.20±1.93%; IPC-24h+0.47±2.10%) and blood lactate (IPC-2h+12.87±3.62 mmol⋅L; Con+12.41±4.02 mmol⋅L; IPC-24h+13.27±3.81 mmol⋅L) were influenced by swimming TT (P<0.001), but not condition (all P>0.05). No effect of IPC was seen when applied 2- or 24-h before swimming TT on any indices of performance or physiological measures recorded.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1064-8011</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1533-4287</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002485</identifier><identifier>PMID: 29389691</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research</publisher><subject>Bicarbonates ; Blood flow ; Carbon dioxide ; Cross-Over Studies ; Female ; Gases ; Humans ; Ischemia ; Ischemic Preconditioning ; Lactic Acid ; Male ; pH effects ; Reperfusion ; Swimming ; Warm-Up Exercise</subject><ispartof>Journal of strength and conditioning research, 2021-01, Vol.35 (1), p.221-226</ispartof><rights>Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research</rights><rights>Copyright © 2018 by the National Strength & Conditioning Association.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2018 National Strength and Conditioning Association.</rights><rights>2018 National Strength and Conditioning Association</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5265-79cb2dd3cad270d12e7f34824748d867f46ec6b975c25cb1e007dca63dd3107f3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5265-79cb2dd3cad270d12e7f34824748d867f46ec6b975c25cb1e007dca63dd3107f3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,777,781,27905,27906</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29389691$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Williams, Natalie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Russell, Mark</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cook, Christian J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kilduff, Liam P.</creatorcontrib><title>Effect of Ischemic Preconditioning on Maximal Swimming Performance</title><title>Journal of strength and conditioning research</title><addtitle>J Strength Cond Res</addtitle><description>ABSTRACTThe effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on swimming performance was examined. Using a randomized, crossover design, National-and International-level swimmers (n=20; 14 males, 6 females) participated in three trials (Con, IPC-2h, IPC-24h). Lower-body IPC (4 x 5 min bi-lateral blood-flow restriction at 160-228 mmHg, and 5 min reperfusion) was used 2- (IPC-2h) or 24-h (IPC-24h) before a self-selected (100 m, n=15; 200 m, n=5) swimming time-trial (TT). The Con trial used a sham intervention (15 mmHg) 2h prior to exercise. All trials required a 40-min standardized pre-competition swimming warm-up (followed by 20-min rest; replicating pre-competition call room procedures) 1h before TT. Capillary blood (pH, blood gases and lactate concentrations) was taken immediately pre-and post-IPC, pre-TT and post-TT. No effects on TT for 100 m (P=0.995; IPC-2h64.94±8.33 s; IPC-24h64.67±8.50 s; Con64.94± 8.24 s), 200 m (P=0.405; IPC-2h127.70±10.66 s; IPC-24h129.26±12.99 s; Con130.19±10.27 s) or combined total time (IPC-2h84.27±31.52 s; IPC-24h79.87±29.72 s; Con80.55±31.35 s) were observed following IPC. Base excess (IPC-2h-13.37±8.90 mmol⋅L; Con-13.35±7.07 mmol⋅L; IPC-24h-16.53±4.65 mmol⋅L), pH (0.22±0.08; all conditions), bicarbonate (IPC-2h-11.66±3.52 mmol⋅L; Con-11.62±5.59 mmol⋅L; IPC-24h-8.47±9.02 mmol⋅L), total carbon dioxide (IPC-2h-12.90±3.92 mmol⋅L; Con-11.55±7.61 mmol⋅L; IPC-24h9.90±8.40 mmol⋅L), percentage oxygen saturation (IPC-2h-0.16±1.86%; Con+0.20±1.93%; IPC-24h+0.47±2.10%) and blood lactate (IPC-2h+12.87±3.62 mmol⋅L; Con+12.41±4.02 mmol⋅L; IPC-24h+13.27±3.81 mmol⋅L) were influenced by swimming TT (P<0.001), but not condition (all P>0.05). No effect of IPC was seen when applied 2- or 24-h before swimming TT on any indices of performance or physiological measures recorded.</description><subject>Bicarbonates</subject><subject>Blood flow</subject><subject>Carbon dioxide</subject><subject>Cross-Over Studies</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Gases</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Ischemia</subject><subject>Ischemic Preconditioning</subject><subject>Lactic Acid</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>pH effects</subject><subject>Reperfusion</subject><subject>Swimming</subject><subject>Warm-Up Exercise</subject><issn>1064-8011</issn><issn>1533-4287</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkEtLxDAYRYMoPkb_gUjBjZtq3o-lDuMLRUFdh0761am2jSYto__eDKMiLjQQEsI5ly8XoV2CD4kg5ujybnyIfyzKtVhBm0QwlnOq1Wq6Y8lzjQnZQFsxPiVGCMHW0QY1TBtpyCY6mVQVuD7zVXYR3Qza2mW3AZzvyrqvfVd3j5nvsuvirW6LJrub1227eLuFUPnQFp2DbbRWFU2Enc9zhB5OJ_fj8_zq5uxifHyVO0GlyJVxU1qWzBUlVbgkFFTFuKZccV1qqSouwcmpUcJR4aYEMFalKyRLDsGJHaGDZe5L8K8DxN62dXTQNEUHfoiWGMNTD5LKhO7_Qp_8ELo0naUCKy6ZESZRfEm54GMMUNmXkH4Z3i3BdtGxTR3b3x0nbe8zfJi2UH5LX6UmQC-BuW96CPG5GeYQ7AyKpp_9l83_UDEmlFOlc4opwSRJedqMsA_l2pYR</recordid><startdate>20210101</startdate><enddate>20210101</enddate><creator>Williams, Natalie</creator><creator>Russell, Mark</creator><creator>Cook, Christian J.</creator><creator>Kilduff, Liam P.</creator><general>Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research</general><general>Copyright by the National Strength & Conditioning Association</general><general>Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Ovid Technologies</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TS</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20210101</creationdate><title>Effect of Ischemic Preconditioning on Maximal Swimming Performance</title><author>Williams, Natalie ; Russell, Mark ; Cook, Christian J. ; Kilduff, Liam P.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c5265-79cb2dd3cad270d12e7f34824748d867f46ec6b975c25cb1e007dca63dd3107f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Bicarbonates</topic><topic>Blood flow</topic><topic>Carbon dioxide</topic><topic>Cross-Over Studies</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Gases</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Ischemia</topic><topic>Ischemic Preconditioning</topic><topic>Lactic Acid</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>pH effects</topic><topic>Reperfusion</topic><topic>Swimming</topic><topic>Warm-Up Exercise</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Williams, Natalie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Russell, Mark</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cook, Christian J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kilduff, Liam P.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Physical Education Index</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Journal of strength and conditioning research</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Williams, Natalie</au><au>Russell, Mark</au><au>Cook, Christian J.</au><au>Kilduff, Liam P.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Effect of Ischemic Preconditioning on Maximal Swimming Performance</atitle><jtitle>Journal of strength and conditioning research</jtitle><addtitle>J Strength Cond Res</addtitle><date>2021-01-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>35</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>221</spage><epage>226</epage><pages>221-226</pages><issn>1064-8011</issn><eissn>1533-4287</eissn><abstract>ABSTRACTThe effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on swimming performance was examined. Using a randomized, crossover design, National-and International-level swimmers (n=20; 14 males, 6 females) participated in three trials (Con, IPC-2h, IPC-24h). Lower-body IPC (4 x 5 min bi-lateral blood-flow restriction at 160-228 mmHg, and 5 min reperfusion) was used 2- (IPC-2h) or 24-h (IPC-24h) before a self-selected (100 m, n=15; 200 m, n=5) swimming time-trial (TT). The Con trial used a sham intervention (15 mmHg) 2h prior to exercise. All trials required a 40-min standardized pre-competition swimming warm-up (followed by 20-min rest; replicating pre-competition call room procedures) 1h before TT. Capillary blood (pH, blood gases and lactate concentrations) was taken immediately pre-and post-IPC, pre-TT and post-TT. No effects on TT for 100 m (P=0.995; IPC-2h64.94±8.33 s; IPC-24h64.67±8.50 s; Con64.94± 8.24 s), 200 m (P=0.405; IPC-2h127.70±10.66 s; IPC-24h129.26±12.99 s; Con130.19±10.27 s) or combined total time (IPC-2h84.27±31.52 s; IPC-24h79.87±29.72 s; Con80.55±31.35 s) were observed following IPC. Base excess (IPC-2h-13.37±8.90 mmol⋅L; Con-13.35±7.07 mmol⋅L; IPC-24h-16.53±4.65 mmol⋅L), pH (0.22±0.08; all conditions), bicarbonate (IPC-2h-11.66±3.52 mmol⋅L; Con-11.62±5.59 mmol⋅L; IPC-24h-8.47±9.02 mmol⋅L), total carbon dioxide (IPC-2h-12.90±3.92 mmol⋅L; Con-11.55±7.61 mmol⋅L; IPC-24h9.90±8.40 mmol⋅L), percentage oxygen saturation (IPC-2h-0.16±1.86%; Con+0.20±1.93%; IPC-24h+0.47±2.10%) and blood lactate (IPC-2h+12.87±3.62 mmol⋅L; Con+12.41±4.02 mmol⋅L; IPC-24h+13.27±3.81 mmol⋅L) were influenced by swimming TT (P<0.001), but not condition (all P>0.05). No effect of IPC was seen when applied 2- or 24-h before swimming TT on any indices of performance or physiological measures recorded.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research</pub><pmid>29389691</pmid><doi>10.1519/JSC.0000000000002485</doi><tpages>6</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Bicarbonates Blood flow Carbon dioxide Cross-Over Studies Female Gases Humans Ischemia Ischemic Preconditioning Lactic Acid Male pH effects Reperfusion Swimming Warm-Up Exercise |
| title | Effect of Ischemic Preconditioning on Maximal Swimming Performance |
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