Vitamin D Deficiency among HIV Type 1-Infected Individuals in the Netherlands : Effects of Antiretroviral Therapy
Vitamin D regulates bone metabolism but has also immunoregulatory properties. In HIV-infected patients bone disorders are increasingly observed. Furthermore, low 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) levels have been associated with low CD4(+) counts, immunological hyperactivity, and AIDS progression rates. Few studies h...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | AIDS research and human retroviruses 2008-11, Vol.24 (11), p.1375-1382 |
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| creator | VAN DEN BOUT-VAN DEN BEUKEL, Carolien J. P FIEVEZ, Lydia MICHELS, Meta SWEEP, Fred C. G. J HERMUS, Ad R. M. M BOSCH, Marjolein E. W BURGER, David M BRAVENBOER, Bert KOOPMANS, Peter P VAN DER VEN, André J. A. M |
| description | Vitamin D regulates bone metabolism but has also immunoregulatory properties. In HIV-infected patients bone disorders are increasingly observed. Furthermore, low 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) levels have been associated with low CD4(+) counts, immunological hyperactivity, and AIDS progression rates. Few studies have examined the vitamin D status in HIV-infected patients. This study will specifically focus on the effects of antiretroviral agents on vitamin D status. Furthermore, the effect of vitamin D status on CD4 cell recovery after initiation of HAART will be evaluated. Among 252 included patients the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1089/aid.2008.0058 |
| format | Article |
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P ; FIEVEZ, Lydia ; MICHELS, Meta ; SWEEP, Fred C. G. J ; HERMUS, Ad R. M. M ; BOSCH, Marjolein E. W ; BURGER, David M ; BRAVENBOER, Bert ; KOOPMANS, Peter P ; VAN DER VEN, André J. A. M</creator><creatorcontrib>VAN DEN BOUT-VAN DEN BEUKEL, Carolien J. P ; FIEVEZ, Lydia ; MICHELS, Meta ; SWEEP, Fred C. G. J ; HERMUS, Ad R. M. M ; BOSCH, Marjolein E. W ; BURGER, David M ; BRAVENBOER, Bert ; KOOPMANS, Peter P ; VAN DER VEN, André J. A. M</creatorcontrib><description>Vitamin D regulates bone metabolism but has also immunoregulatory properties. In HIV-infected patients bone disorders are increasingly observed. Furthermore, low 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) levels have been associated with low CD4(+) counts, immunological hyperactivity, and AIDS progression rates. Few studies have examined the vitamin D status in HIV-infected patients. This study will specifically focus on the effects of antiretroviral agents on vitamin D status. Furthermore, the effect of vitamin D status on CD4 cell recovery after initiation of HAART will be evaluated. Among 252 included patients the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (<35 nmol/liter from April to September and <25 nmol/liter from October to March) was 29%. Female sex, younger age, dark skin, and NNRTI treatment were significant risk factors in univariate analysis, although in multivariate analyses skin pigmentation remained the only independent risk factor. Median 25(OH)D(3) levels were significantly lower in white NNRTI-treated patients [54.5(27.9-73.8) nmol/liter] compared to white PI-treated patients [77.3 (46.6-100.0) nmol/liter, p = 0.007], while among nonwhites no difference was observed. Both PI- and NNRTI-treated patients had significantly higher blood PTH levels than patients without treatment. Moreover, NNRTI treatment puts patients at risk of elevated PTH levels (>6.5 pmol/liter). Linear regression analysis showed that vitamin D status did not affect CD4 cell recovery after initiation of HAART. In conclusion, 29% of the HIV-1-infected patients had vitamin D deficiency, with skin color as an independent risk factor. NNRTI treatment may add more risk for vitamin D deficiency. Both PI- and NNRTI-treated patients showed higher PTH levels and might therefore be at risk of bone problems. Evaluation of 25(OH)D(3) and PTH levels, especially in NNRTI-treated and dark skinned HIV-1-infected patients, is necessary to detect and treat vitamin D deficiency early.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0889-2229</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1931-8405</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1089/aid.2008.0058</identifier><identifier>PMID: 18928396</identifier><identifier>CODEN: ARHRE7</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New Rochelle, NY: Liebert</publisher><subject>Adult ; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active - adverse effects ; Antiviral agents ; Biological and medical sciences ; Care and treatment ; CD4 Lymphocyte Count ; Complications and side effects ; Demographic aspects ; Dosage and administration ; Drug therapy ; Female ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; HIV infection ; HIV Infections - complications ; HIV Infections - drug therapy ; HIV Infections - immunology ; HIV-1 - isolation & purification ; Human immunodeficiency virus ; Human viral diseases ; Humans ; Infectious diseases ; Male ; Medical sciences ; Microbiology ; Middle Aged ; Miscellaneous ; Netherlands ; Parathyroid Hormone - blood ; Prevalence ; Retrovirus ; Risk Factors ; Skin Pigmentation ; Viral diseases ; Viral diseases of the lymphoid tissue and the blood. Aids ; Virology ; Vitamin D deficiency ; Vitamin D Deficiency - chemically induced</subject><ispartof>AIDS research and human retroviruses, 2008-11, Vol.24 (11), p.1375-1382</ispartof><rights>2009 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2008 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c524t-2756edade4be3c5d7a5d61baafb102160722d73043478f760e1f69bc62642f83</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c524t-2756edade4be3c5d7a5d61baafb102160722d73043478f760e1f69bc62642f83</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3029,27901,27902</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=20980889$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18928396$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>VAN DEN BOUT-VAN DEN BEUKEL, Carolien J. P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>FIEVEZ, Lydia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>MICHELS, Meta</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>SWEEP, Fred C. G. J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>HERMUS, Ad R. M. M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>BOSCH, Marjolein E. W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>BURGER, David M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>BRAVENBOER, Bert</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>KOOPMANS, Peter P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>VAN DER VEN, André J. A. M</creatorcontrib><title>Vitamin D Deficiency among HIV Type 1-Infected Individuals in the Netherlands : Effects of Antiretroviral Therapy</title><title>AIDS research and human retroviruses</title><addtitle>AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses</addtitle><description>Vitamin D regulates bone metabolism but has also immunoregulatory properties. In HIV-infected patients bone disorders are increasingly observed. Furthermore, low 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) levels have been associated with low CD4(+) counts, immunological hyperactivity, and AIDS progression rates. Few studies have examined the vitamin D status in HIV-infected patients. This study will specifically focus on the effects of antiretroviral agents on vitamin D status. Furthermore, the effect of vitamin D status on CD4 cell recovery after initiation of HAART will be evaluated. Among 252 included patients the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (<35 nmol/liter from April to September and <25 nmol/liter from October to March) was 29%. Female sex, younger age, dark skin, and NNRTI treatment were significant risk factors in univariate analysis, although in multivariate analyses skin pigmentation remained the only independent risk factor. Median 25(OH)D(3) levels were significantly lower in white NNRTI-treated patients [54.5(27.9-73.8) nmol/liter] compared to white PI-treated patients [77.3 (46.6-100.0) nmol/liter, p = 0.007], while among nonwhites no difference was observed. Both PI- and NNRTI-treated patients had significantly higher blood PTH levels than patients without treatment. Moreover, NNRTI treatment puts patients at risk of elevated PTH levels (>6.5 pmol/liter). Linear regression analysis showed that vitamin D status did not affect CD4 cell recovery after initiation of HAART. In conclusion, 29% of the HIV-1-infected patients had vitamin D deficiency, with skin color as an independent risk factor. NNRTI treatment may add more risk for vitamin D deficiency. Both PI- and NNRTI-treated patients showed higher PTH levels and might therefore be at risk of bone problems. Evaluation of 25(OH)D(3) and PTH levels, especially in NNRTI-treated and dark skinned HIV-1-infected patients, is necessary to detect and treat vitamin D deficiency early.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active - adverse effects</subject><subject>Antiviral agents</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Care and treatment</subject><subject>CD4 Lymphocyte Count</subject><subject>Complications and side effects</subject><subject>Demographic aspects</subject><subject>Dosage and administration</subject><subject>Drug therapy</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>HIV infection</subject><subject>HIV Infections - complications</subject><subject>HIV Infections - drug therapy</subject><subject>HIV Infections - immunology</subject><subject>HIV-1 - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Human immunodeficiency virus</subject><subject>Human viral diseases</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infectious diseases</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Microbiology</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Miscellaneous</subject><subject>Netherlands</subject><subject>Parathyroid Hormone - blood</subject><subject>Prevalence</subject><subject>Retrovirus</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Skin Pigmentation</subject><subject>Viral diseases</subject><subject>Viral diseases of the lymphoid tissue and the blood. Aids</subject><subject>Virology</subject><subject>Vitamin D deficiency</subject><subject>Vitamin D Deficiency - chemically induced</subject><issn>0889-2229</issn><issn>1931-8405</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2008</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNptkcFrFDEUh4Modq0evUpA6m3WJDOTSbwtbbULRS9Lr-FN8lIjM5ltMlvY_94MuyiCBBII3-_x432EvOdszZnSnyG4tWBMrRlr1Quy4rrmlWpY-5KsmFK6EkLoC_Im51-MMS1E-5pccKWFqrVckaeHMMMYIr2hN-iDDRjtkcI4xUd6t32gu-MeKa-20aOd0dFtdOE5uAMMmZbU_BPpdyx3GiC6TL_QW7-QmU6ebuIcEs5peg4JBrorFOyPb8krX9L47vxekt3X2931XXX_49v2enNf2VY0cyW6VqIDh02PtW1dB62TvAfwPWeCS9YJ4bqaNXXTKd9JhtxL3VspZCO8qi_Jp9PYfZqeDphnM4ZscSg9cTpkw3XXNqruCvjxBD7CgCZEP80J7AKbDdeSN6XJMm79H6och2OwUyy7K___BKpTwKYp54Te7FMYIR0NZ2YxZ4o5s5gzi7nCfzj3PfQjur_0WVUBrs4AZAuDTxBtyH84wbRafNe_AXQUnzI</recordid><startdate>20081101</startdate><enddate>20081101</enddate><creator>VAN DEN BOUT-VAN DEN BEUKEL, Carolien J. 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M</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Vitamin D Deficiency among HIV Type 1-Infected Individuals in the Netherlands : Effects of Antiretroviral Therapy</atitle><jtitle>AIDS research and human retroviruses</jtitle><addtitle>AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses</addtitle><date>2008-11-01</date><risdate>2008</risdate><volume>24</volume><issue>11</issue><spage>1375</spage><epage>1382</epage><pages>1375-1382</pages><issn>0889-2229</issn><eissn>1931-8405</eissn><coden>ARHRE7</coden><abstract>Vitamin D regulates bone metabolism but has also immunoregulatory properties. In HIV-infected patients bone disorders are increasingly observed. Furthermore, low 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) levels have been associated with low CD4(+) counts, immunological hyperactivity, and AIDS progression rates. Few studies have examined the vitamin D status in HIV-infected patients. This study will specifically focus on the effects of antiretroviral agents on vitamin D status. Furthermore, the effect of vitamin D status on CD4 cell recovery after initiation of HAART will be evaluated. Among 252 included patients the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (<35 nmol/liter from April to September and <25 nmol/liter from October to March) was 29%. Female sex, younger age, dark skin, and NNRTI treatment were significant risk factors in univariate analysis, although in multivariate analyses skin pigmentation remained the only independent risk factor. Median 25(OH)D(3) levels were significantly lower in white NNRTI-treated patients [54.5(27.9-73.8) nmol/liter] compared to white PI-treated patients [77.3 (46.6-100.0) nmol/liter, p = 0.007], while among nonwhites no difference was observed. Both PI- and NNRTI-treated patients had significantly higher blood PTH levels than patients without treatment. Moreover, NNRTI treatment puts patients at risk of elevated PTH levels (>6.5 pmol/liter). Linear regression analysis showed that vitamin D status did not affect CD4 cell recovery after initiation of HAART. In conclusion, 29% of the HIV-1-infected patients had vitamin D deficiency, with skin color as an independent risk factor. NNRTI treatment may add more risk for vitamin D deficiency. Both PI- and NNRTI-treated patients showed higher PTH levels and might therefore be at risk of bone problems. Evaluation of 25(OH)D(3) and PTH levels, especially in NNRTI-treated and dark skinned HIV-1-infected patients, is necessary to detect and treat vitamin D deficiency early.</abstract><cop>New Rochelle, NY</cop><pub>Liebert</pub><pmid>18928396</pmid><doi>10.1089/aid.2008.0058</doi><tpages>8</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adult Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active - adverse effects Antiviral agents Biological and medical sciences Care and treatment CD4 Lymphocyte Count Complications and side effects Demographic aspects Dosage and administration Drug therapy Female Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology HIV infection HIV Infections - complications HIV Infections - drug therapy HIV Infections - immunology HIV-1 - isolation & purification Human immunodeficiency virus Human viral diseases Humans Infectious diseases Male Medical sciences Microbiology Middle Aged Miscellaneous Netherlands Parathyroid Hormone - blood Prevalence Retrovirus Risk Factors Skin Pigmentation Viral diseases Viral diseases of the lymphoid tissue and the blood. Aids Virology Vitamin D deficiency Vitamin D Deficiency - chemically induced |
| title | Vitamin D Deficiency among HIV Type 1-Infected Individuals in the Netherlands : Effects of Antiretroviral Therapy |
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