Investigation of Surface Duct Conditions over Istanbul, Turkey
A comprehensive examination of 2 yr of radiosonde data to determine the surface duct conditions over Istanbul (4°N, 29°E), Turkey, was made. The refractivity of the atmosphere is a function of air temperature and water vapor pressure. Any negative gradient in the modified refractivity results in the...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of applied meteorology (1988) 2007-03, Vol.46 (3), p.318-337 |
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| container_title | Journal of applied meteorology (1988) |
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| creator | Mentes, Ş. Sibel Kaymaz, Zerefsan |
| description | A comprehensive examination of 2 yr of radiosonde data to determine the surface duct conditions over Istanbul (4°N, 29°E), Turkey, was made. The refractivity of the atmosphere is a function of air temperature and water vapor pressure. Any negative gradient in the modified refractivity results in the presence of a duct in the atmosphere. Therefore, the occurrence of ducts strongly depends upon both the synoptic and the local meteorological conditions that prevail over the region. The characteristics of surface ducts occurring over Istanbul were examined statistically. It was found that most of the ducts occur in May and July. The highest occurrence rate of surface ducts was observed in the summer season, and the lowest rate was observed in the winter season. The median duct thickness and duct strength are found to be the highest and the strongest in summer, whereas they are the lowest and the weakest in winter. When the data are separated into stable and unstable atmospheric subgroups, it is seen that surface duct characteristics show clear seasonal differences. Surface ducts in a stable atmosphere are found to be stronger than those in an unstable atmosphere. Also, daytime (1200 UTC) surface ducts occur more frequently than nighttime (0000 UTC) surface ducts in Istanbul. These statistics are discussed in association with local meteorological conditions and weather systems affecting the Istanbul region, and comments are made on the importance of their possible consequences in the region. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1175/JAM2452.1 |
| format | Article |
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Sibel ; Kaymaz, Zerefsan</creator><creatorcontrib>Mentes, Ş. Sibel ; Kaymaz, Zerefsan</creatorcontrib><description>A comprehensive examination of 2 yr of radiosonde data to determine the surface duct conditions over Istanbul (4°N, 29°E), Turkey, was made. The refractivity of the atmosphere is a function of air temperature and water vapor pressure. Any negative gradient in the modified refractivity results in the presence of a duct in the atmosphere. Therefore, the occurrence of ducts strongly depends upon both the synoptic and the local meteorological conditions that prevail over the region. The characteristics of surface ducts occurring over Istanbul were examined statistically. It was found that most of the ducts occur in May and July. The highest occurrence rate of surface ducts was observed in the summer season, and the lowest rate was observed in the winter season. The median duct thickness and duct strength are found to be the highest and the strongest in summer, whereas they are the lowest and the weakest in winter. When the data are separated into stable and unstable atmospheric subgroups, it is seen that surface duct characteristics show clear seasonal differences. Surface ducts in a stable atmosphere are found to be stronger than those in an unstable atmosphere. Also, daytime (1200 UTC) surface ducts occur more frequently than nighttime (0000 UTC) surface ducts in Istanbul. These statistics are discussed in association with local meteorological conditions and weather systems affecting the Istanbul region, and comments are made on the importance of their possible consequences in the region.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1558-8424</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 0894-8763</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1558-8432</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1520-0450</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1175/JAM2452.1</identifier><identifier>CODEN: JOAMEZ</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society</publisher><subject>Air temperature ; Atmosphere ; Atmospheric pressure ; Communications systems ; Comparative studies ; Earth, ocean, space ; Electromagnetism ; Exact sciences and technology ; External geophysics ; Humidity ; Interaction of atmosphere with electromagnetic waves; propagation ; Light refraction ; Meteorology ; Radar ; Radio communications ; Radiosondes ; Refractivity ; Seasons ; Summer ; Surface temperature ; Temperature gradients ; Vapor pressure ; Water temperature ; Water vapor ; Weather conditions ; Winter</subject><ispartof>Journal of applied meteorology (1988), 2007-03, Vol.46 (3), p.318-337</ispartof><rights>2007 American Meteorological Society</rights><rights>2007 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright American Meteorological Society Mar 2007</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c436t-360b6ba6a583e316d93fda4d790c03021f2b81eca6c9d8d416b5aaf7abcbc7563</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c436t-360b6ba6a583e316d93fda4d790c03021f2b81eca6c9d8d416b5aaf7abcbc7563</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/26171901$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/26171901$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,799,3668,27901,27902,57992,58225</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=18680307$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Mentes, Ş. Sibel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kaymaz, Zerefsan</creatorcontrib><title>Investigation of Surface Duct Conditions over Istanbul, Turkey</title><title>Journal of applied meteorology (1988)</title><description>A comprehensive examination of 2 yr of radiosonde data to determine the surface duct conditions over Istanbul (4°N, 29°E), Turkey, was made. The refractivity of the atmosphere is a function of air temperature and water vapor pressure. Any negative gradient in the modified refractivity results in the presence of a duct in the atmosphere. Therefore, the occurrence of ducts strongly depends upon both the synoptic and the local meteorological conditions that prevail over the region. The characteristics of surface ducts occurring over Istanbul were examined statistically. It was found that most of the ducts occur in May and July. The highest occurrence rate of surface ducts was observed in the summer season, and the lowest rate was observed in the winter season. The median duct thickness and duct strength are found to be the highest and the strongest in summer, whereas they are the lowest and the weakest in winter. When the data are separated into stable and unstable atmospheric subgroups, it is seen that surface duct characteristics show clear seasonal differences. Surface ducts in a stable atmosphere are found to be stronger than those in an unstable atmosphere. Also, daytime (1200 UTC) surface ducts occur more frequently than nighttime (0000 UTC) surface ducts in Istanbul. 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Sibel</au><au>Kaymaz, Zerefsan</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Investigation of Surface Duct Conditions over Istanbul, Turkey</atitle><jtitle>Journal of applied meteorology (1988)</jtitle><date>2007-03-01</date><risdate>2007</risdate><volume>46</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>318</spage><epage>337</epage><pages>318-337</pages><issn>1558-8424</issn><issn>0894-8763</issn><eissn>1558-8432</eissn><eissn>1520-0450</eissn><coden>JOAMEZ</coden><abstract>A comprehensive examination of 2 yr of radiosonde data to determine the surface duct conditions over Istanbul (4°N, 29°E), Turkey, was made. The refractivity of the atmosphere is a function of air temperature and water vapor pressure. Any negative gradient in the modified refractivity results in the presence of a duct in the atmosphere. Therefore, the occurrence of ducts strongly depends upon both the synoptic and the local meteorological conditions that prevail over the region. The characteristics of surface ducts occurring over Istanbul were examined statistically. It was found that most of the ducts occur in May and July. The highest occurrence rate of surface ducts was observed in the summer season, and the lowest rate was observed in the winter season. The median duct thickness and duct strength are found to be the highest and the strongest in summer, whereas they are the lowest and the weakest in winter. When the data are separated into stable and unstable atmospheric subgroups, it is seen that surface duct characteristics show clear seasonal differences. Surface ducts in a stable atmosphere are found to be stronger than those in an unstable atmosphere. Also, daytime (1200 UTC) surface ducts occur more frequently than nighttime (0000 UTC) surface ducts in Istanbul. These statistics are discussed in association with local meteorological conditions and weather systems affecting the Istanbul region, and comments are made on the importance of their possible consequences in the region.</abstract><cop>Boston, MA</cop><pub>American Meteorological Society</pub><doi>10.1175/JAM2452.1</doi><tpages>20</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| identifier | ISSN: 1558-8424 |
| ispartof | Journal of applied meteorology (1988), 2007-03, Vol.46 (3), p.318-337 |
| issn | 1558-8424 0894-8763 1558-8432 1520-0450 |
| language | eng |
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| source | Jstor Complete Legacy; American Meteorological Society; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Air temperature Atmosphere Atmospheric pressure Communications systems Comparative studies Earth, ocean, space Electromagnetism Exact sciences and technology External geophysics Humidity Interaction of atmosphere with electromagnetic waves propagation Light refraction Meteorology Radar Radio communications Radiosondes Refractivity Seasons Summer Surface temperature Temperature gradients Vapor pressure Water temperature Water vapor Weather conditions Winter |
| title | Investigation of Surface Duct Conditions over Istanbul, Turkey |
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