Cranio-dental evidence of a hominin-like hyper-masticatory apparatus in Oreopithecus bambolii. Was the swamp ape a human ancestor?

The phylogeny of Oreopithecus bambolii has been controversial since Johannes Hurzeler first argued that the Late Miocene (Tortonian) primate was a fossil hominin. While most paleontologist currently exclude Oreopithecus from human ancestry, recent postcranial evidence of hominin- like bipedalism and power precision grips in Oreopithecus has rekindled interest in the fossil Italian hominoid. In this study, a comparative review of hominoid cranio-dental morphology indicates that Oreopithecus possessed a suite of hominin-like characteristics that were apparently functionally related to powerful folivorous mastication. Since the oreopithecine dentition exhibited exceptional adaptations for folivory relative to most other extant and extinct hominoids, the accessory development of a hominin-like hyper-masticatory cranio-mandibular apparatus to further enhance plant comminution and digestibility is not surprising. However, the combination of hominin-like locomotive, manual, and masticatory functional attributes appears to substantiate Hurzeler's designation of O. bambolii as a Late Miocene hominin. Additionally, an extensive compilation of hominoid cranio-dental and postcranial characteristics strongly supports a close phylogenetic relationship between Oreopithecus and the earliest African hominins Sahelanthropus and Australopithecus. The wetland paleoecology of the Tortonian island of Tuscany-Sardinia suggests that Oreopithecus was a specialized semiaquatic folivore who apparently waded bipedally into freshwater swamps to feed on aquatic plants. However, the extensive wear on the oreopithecine canines and incisors along with their manual precision grips may indicate that freshwater invertebrates were also included in their diets. Such specialized aquatic feeding behavior by these ancient Italian swamp apes seems to support Alister Hardy's hypothesis that human bipedalism and power precision grips were inherited from Late Miocene hominin ancestors who originally utilized such functional attributes for aquatic foraging in shallow water environments. Additionally, the remarkably hominin-like cranio-dental morphology of O. bambolii suggests that modern omnivorous humans probably inherited a significant number of their cranio- dental characteristics from these highly specialized aquatic plant eating hominins.