Targeted Nanomedicine for Cancer Therapeutics: Towards Precision Medicine Overcoming Drug Resistance

Abstract Intrinsic anticancer drug resistance which presents prior to chemotherapy as well as acquired resistance due to drug treatment, remain the dominant impediments towards curative cancer therapy. Hence, novel targeted strategies to overcome cancer multidrug resistance (MDR) constitute a key aim of cancer research. In this respect, targeted nanomedicine offers innovative therapeutic strategies to overcome the various limitations of conventional chemotherapy, enabling enhanced selectivity, early and more precise cancer diagnosis, individualized treatment as well as overcoming of MDR. Delivery systems based on nanoparticles (NPs) include diverse platforms enabling a plethora of rationally designed therapeutic nanomedicines. Here we review NPs designed to enhance antitumor drug uptake and selective intracellular accumulation using strategies including passive and active targeting, stimuli-responsive drug activation or target-activated release, triggered solely in the cancer cell or even in its specific organelles, cutting edge theranostic multifunctional NPs delivering drug combinations for synergistic therapy, while facilitating diagnostics and personalization of therapeutic regimens. In the current paper we review the recent findings in the past four years and discuss the advantages and limitations of the various novel NPs-based drug delivery systems. Special emphasis is put on in vivo studies-based evidence supporting significant therapeutic impact in chemoresistant cancers. A future perspective is proposed for further research and development of complex targeted, multi-stage responsive nanomedical drug delivery systems for personalized cancer diagnosis and efficacious therapy.