Long-term separate and combined effects of environmental hypercapnia and hyperoxia in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr (mean start weight 50 g) were reared in freshwater (FW) and exposed to three levels of oxygen saturation measured in effluent water; control group (93% O2, LO2), medium (111% O2, MO2) and high (123% O2, HO2). Further three groups were exposed to similar water ox...
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| creator | Hosfeld, Camilla Diesen Engevik, Annhild Mollan, Ted Lunde, Torleif Markussen Waagbø, Rune Olsen, Anne Berit Breck, Olav Stefansson, Sigurd Fivelstad, Sveinung |
| description | Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr (mean start weight 50 g) were reared in freshwater (FW) and exposed to three levels of oxygen saturation measured in effluent water; control group (93% O2, LO2), medium (111% O2, MO2) and high (123% O2, HO2). Further three groups were exposed to similar water oxygen levels in combination with elevated carbon dioxide levels (17–18 mg L–1 CO2), named LO2–CO2, MO2–CO2 and HO2–CO2, respectively. The experiment was run in duplicate tanks for 42 days, and the fish were subsequently transferred to the same seawater (SW) regime for 45 days for an assessment of post-smolt growth. As a consequence of the CO2 addition, tank pH levels in the FW period were reduced from 6.7 to 5.9 for the hypercapnia groups compared to for the normcapnia groups. Water temperature in FW ranged between 6.4 and 9.0 °C. Citrate was added to the water to complex labile aluminium.
In the CO2 groups observed ventilation frequencies were significantly increased compared to the control (p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.05.009 |
| format | Article |
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In the CO2 groups observed ventilation frequencies were significantly increased compared to the control (p<0.05). This difference declined towards the end of the FW period, suggesting acclimation to elevated CO2. The degree of oxygenation appeared to contribute to the acclimation as the lowest mean ventilation frequency on day 36 was found in the HO2–CO2 group and the highest in the LO2–CO2 group. Lower plasma chloride and sodium levels were observed in the CO2 groups relative to the respective oxygenation groups during the FW period, while plasma chloride and sodium levels were normalised to equal levels for all groups after 44 days in SW. No significant differences were found among treatments for blood concentrations of red blood cells, haemoglobin, potassium and glucose during the experiment.
By termination of the FW period, the HO2 group had significantly higher body weight than all other groups (p<0.05), with specific growth rate significantly higher than the CO2 groups (p<0.05). Further, the condition factor was significantly lower in all the CO2 groups at the end of the FW period compared to the control and normcapnia groups (p<0.05). Although variable among replicates, occurrence of nephrocalcinosis was 10 times higher in the hypercapnia groups than in the control and normcapnia groups. Mortality was negligible (<2.0%) during the trial, and most of the mortality occurred following SW transfer.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0044-8486</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1873-5622</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.05.009</identifier><identifier>CODEN: AQCLAL</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Amsterdam: Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>Animal aquaculture ; animal growth ; Animal productions ; Aquaculture ; Biological and medical sciences ; Brackish ; Carbon dioxide ; condition factor ; dissolved oxygen ; Effects ; Experiments ; farmed fish ; fish culture ; fish farms ; Freshwater ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; General aspects ; Haematology ; Hypercapnia ; Hyperoxia ; Marine ; mortality ; Oxygen ; physiological response ; Salmo salar ; Salmo salar L ; Salmon ; smoltification ; specific growth rate ; water quality</subject><ispartof>Aquaculture, 2008-08, Vol.280 (1-4), p.146-153</ispartof><rights>2008 Elsevier B.V.</rights><rights>2008 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright Elsevier Sequoia S.A. Aug 1, 2008</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c464t-e9994d59c7f375f51b2dec0387215d3d8b516eb4e700f1b1da1ae0a728b8beeb3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c464t-e9994d59c7f375f51b2dec0387215d3d8b516eb4e700f1b1da1ae0a728b8beeb3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.05.009$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,3550,27924,27925,45995</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=20567315$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Hosfeld, Camilla Diesen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Engevik, Annhild</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mollan, Ted</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lunde, Torleif Markussen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Waagbø, Rune</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Olsen, Anne Berit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Breck, Olav</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stefansson, Sigurd</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fivelstad, Sveinung</creatorcontrib><title>Long-term separate and combined effects of environmental hypercapnia and hyperoxia in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts</title><title>Aquaculture</title><description>Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr (mean start weight 50 g) were reared in freshwater (FW) and exposed to three levels of oxygen saturation measured in effluent water; control group (93% O2, LO2), medium (111% O2, MO2) and high (123% O2, HO2). Further three groups were exposed to similar water oxygen levels in combination with elevated carbon dioxide levels (17–18 mg L–1 CO2), named LO2–CO2, MO2–CO2 and HO2–CO2, respectively. The experiment was run in duplicate tanks for 42 days, and the fish were subsequently transferred to the same seawater (SW) regime for 45 days for an assessment of post-smolt growth. As a consequence of the CO2 addition, tank pH levels in the FW period were reduced from 6.7 to 5.9 for the hypercapnia groups compared to for the normcapnia groups. Water temperature in FW ranged between 6.4 and 9.0 °C. Citrate was added to the water to complex labile aluminium.
In the CO2 groups observed ventilation frequencies were significantly increased compared to the control (p<0.05). This difference declined towards the end of the FW period, suggesting acclimation to elevated CO2. The degree of oxygenation appeared to contribute to the acclimation as the lowest mean ventilation frequency on day 36 was found in the HO2–CO2 group and the highest in the LO2–CO2 group. Lower plasma chloride and sodium levels were observed in the CO2 groups relative to the respective oxygenation groups during the FW period, while plasma chloride and sodium levels were normalised to equal levels for all groups after 44 days in SW. No significant differences were found among treatments for blood concentrations of red blood cells, haemoglobin, potassium and glucose during the experiment.
By termination of the FW period, the HO2 group had significantly higher body weight than all other groups (p<0.05), with specific growth rate significantly higher than the CO2 groups (p<0.05). Further, the condition factor was significantly lower in all the CO2 groups at the end of the FW period compared to the control and normcapnia groups (p<0.05). Although variable among replicates, occurrence of nephrocalcinosis was 10 times higher in the hypercapnia groups than in the control and normcapnia groups. Mortality was negligible (<2.0%) during the trial, and most of the mortality occurred following SW transfer.</description><subject>Animal aquaculture</subject><subject>animal growth</subject><subject>Animal productions</subject><subject>Aquaculture</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Brackish</subject><subject>Carbon dioxide</subject><subject>condition factor</subject><subject>dissolved oxygen</subject><subject>Effects</subject><subject>Experiments</subject><subject>farmed fish</subject><subject>fish culture</subject><subject>fish farms</subject><subject>Freshwater</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>General aspects</subject><subject>Haematology</subject><subject>Hypercapnia</subject><subject>Hyperoxia</subject><subject>Marine</subject><subject>mortality</subject><subject>Oxygen</subject><subject>physiological response</subject><subject>Salmo salar</subject><subject>Salmo salar L</subject><subject>Salmon</subject><subject>smoltification</subject><subject>specific growth rate</subject><subject>water quality</subject><issn>0044-8486</issn><issn>1873-5622</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2008</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqNkUtv1TAQhSMEEpfCb8AggWCRME7sOFlWV7ykK7EoXVsTZ1J8ldipnVTtgv-O01shxAZWoyN9c-ZxsuwVh4IDrz8cC7xe0azjsgYqSoCmAFkAtI-yHW9Ulcu6LB9nOwAh8kY09dPsWYxHAKhryXfZz4N3V_lCYWKRZgy4EEPXM-OnzjrqGQ0DmSUyPzByNzZ4N5FbcGQ_7mYKBmdn8b7jXvvbpKxj58uIbrGGRRwn79i7i61uCgM7FO9ZnPy4xOfZkwHHSC8e6ll2-enj9_2X_PDt89f9-SE3ohZLTm3bil62Rg2VkoPkXdmTgapRJZd91Ted5DV1ghTAwDveI0cCVGXTNR1RV51lb0--c_DXK8VFTzYaGtOS5NeoeVtx3ojy32D6YC0FJPD1X-DRr8GlI3QJQvFK8Q1qT5AJPsZAg56DnTDcaQ56i08f9R_x6S0-DVKn-FLvm4cBGA2OQ0BnbPxtUIKsVcVl4l6euAG9xquQmMuLEniVTLiqlEjE_kRQ-vCNpaCjseQM9TakaHXv7X_s8wuDK8FK</recordid><startdate>20080801</startdate><enddate>20080801</enddate><creator>Hosfeld, Camilla Diesen</creator><creator>Engevik, Annhild</creator><creator>Mollan, Ted</creator><creator>Lunde, Torleif Markussen</creator><creator>Waagbø, Rune</creator><creator>Olsen, Anne Berit</creator><creator>Breck, Olav</creator><creator>Stefansson, Sigurd</creator><creator>Fivelstad, Sveinung</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><general>Amsterdam: Elsevier Science</general><general>Elsevier Science</general><general>Elsevier Sequoia S.A</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QR</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7TN</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>H95</scope><scope>H98</scope><scope>H99</scope><scope>L.F</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>SOI</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20080801</creationdate><title>Long-term separate and combined effects of environmental hypercapnia and hyperoxia in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts</title><author>Hosfeld, Camilla Diesen ; Engevik, Annhild ; Mollan, Ted ; Lunde, Torleif Markussen ; Waagbø, Rune ; Olsen, Anne Berit ; Breck, Olav ; Stefansson, Sigurd ; Fivelstad, Sveinung</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c464t-e9994d59c7f375f51b2dec0387215d3d8b516eb4e700f1b1da1ae0a728b8beeb3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2008</creationdate><topic>Animal aquaculture</topic><topic>animal growth</topic><topic>Animal productions</topic><topic>Aquaculture</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Brackish</topic><topic>Carbon dioxide</topic><topic>condition factor</topic><topic>dissolved oxygen</topic><topic>Effects</topic><topic>Experiments</topic><topic>farmed fish</topic><topic>fish culture</topic><topic>fish farms</topic><topic>Freshwater</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>General aspects</topic><topic>Haematology</topic><topic>Hypercapnia</topic><topic>Hyperoxia</topic><topic>Marine</topic><topic>mortality</topic><topic>Oxygen</topic><topic>physiological response</topic><topic>Salmo salar</topic><topic>Salmo salar L</topic><topic>Salmon</topic><topic>smoltification</topic><topic>specific growth rate</topic><topic>water quality</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Hosfeld, Camilla Diesen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Engevik, Annhild</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mollan, Ted</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lunde, Torleif Markussen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Waagbø, Rune</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Olsen, Anne Berit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Breck, Olav</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stefansson, Sigurd</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fivelstad, Sveinung</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Oceanic Abstracts</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 1: Biological Sciences & Living Resources</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Aquaculture Abstracts</collection><collection>ASFA: Marine Biotechnology Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Marine Biotechnology Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Aquaculture</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Hosfeld, Camilla Diesen</au><au>Engevik, Annhild</au><au>Mollan, Ted</au><au>Lunde, Torleif Markussen</au><au>Waagbø, Rune</au><au>Olsen, Anne Berit</au><au>Breck, Olav</au><au>Stefansson, Sigurd</au><au>Fivelstad, Sveinung</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Long-term separate and combined effects of environmental hypercapnia and hyperoxia in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts</atitle><jtitle>Aquaculture</jtitle><date>2008-08-01</date><risdate>2008</risdate><volume>280</volume><issue>1-4</issue><spage>146</spage><epage>153</epage><pages>146-153</pages><issn>0044-8486</issn><eissn>1873-5622</eissn><coden>AQCLAL</coden><abstract>Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr (mean start weight 50 g) were reared in freshwater (FW) and exposed to three levels of oxygen saturation measured in effluent water; control group (93% O2, LO2), medium (111% O2, MO2) and high (123% O2, HO2). Further three groups were exposed to similar water oxygen levels in combination with elevated carbon dioxide levels (17–18 mg L–1 CO2), named LO2–CO2, MO2–CO2 and HO2–CO2, respectively. The experiment was run in duplicate tanks for 42 days, and the fish were subsequently transferred to the same seawater (SW) regime for 45 days for an assessment of post-smolt growth. As a consequence of the CO2 addition, tank pH levels in the FW period were reduced from 6.7 to 5.9 for the hypercapnia groups compared to for the normcapnia groups. Water temperature in FW ranged between 6.4 and 9.0 °C. Citrate was added to the water to complex labile aluminium.
In the CO2 groups observed ventilation frequencies were significantly increased compared to the control (p<0.05). This difference declined towards the end of the FW period, suggesting acclimation to elevated CO2. The degree of oxygenation appeared to contribute to the acclimation as the lowest mean ventilation frequency on day 36 was found in the HO2–CO2 group and the highest in the LO2–CO2 group. Lower plasma chloride and sodium levels were observed in the CO2 groups relative to the respective oxygenation groups during the FW period, while plasma chloride and sodium levels were normalised to equal levels for all groups after 44 days in SW. No significant differences were found among treatments for blood concentrations of red blood cells, haemoglobin, potassium and glucose during the experiment.
By termination of the FW period, the HO2 group had significantly higher body weight than all other groups (p<0.05), with specific growth rate significantly higher than the CO2 groups (p<0.05). Further, the condition factor was significantly lower in all the CO2 groups at the end of the FW period compared to the control and normcapnia groups (p<0.05). Although variable among replicates, occurrence of nephrocalcinosis was 10 times higher in the hypercapnia groups than in the control and normcapnia groups. Mortality was negligible (<2.0%) during the trial, and most of the mortality occurred following SW transfer.</abstract><cop>Amsterdam</cop><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><doi>10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.05.009</doi><tpages>8</tpages></addata></record> |
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| source | Access via ScienceDirect (Elsevier) |
| subjects | Animal aquaculture animal growth Animal productions Aquaculture Biological and medical sciences Brackish Carbon dioxide condition factor dissolved oxygen Effects Experiments farmed fish fish culture fish farms Freshwater Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General aspects Haematology Hypercapnia Hyperoxia Marine mortality Oxygen physiological response Salmo salar Salmo salar L Salmon smoltification specific growth rate water quality |
| title | Long-term separate and combined effects of environmental hypercapnia and hyperoxia in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts |
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