Seasonality and circadian variation of microfilaremia in dogs experimentally infected with Dirofilaria immitis
•The changes in microfilaremia were observed for up to 3 years in 16 dogs experimentally infected with Dirofilaria immitis.•Seasonality was found in all dogs with microfilaremia-peaks in summer and 5–49-times lower counts in winter.•The circadian cycle of D. immitis microfilariae in the peripheral b...
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description | •The changes in microfilaremia were observed for up to 3 years in 16 dogs experimentally infected with Dirofilaria immitis.•Seasonality was found in all dogs with microfilaremia-peaks in summer and 5–49-times lower counts in winter.•The circadian cycle of D. immitis microfilariae in the peripheral blood varied considerably between dogs and season.
Periodicity, the cyclical rise and fall in microfilaria (mff) numbers in the peripheral blood over time, is observed in many filarial infections. It is correlated with the necessity for these larval stages to be ingested by the blood feeding vector before they can be transmitted to a new vertebrate host. Microfilariae of the dog heartworm Dirofilaria immitis have been described to show periodicity, but the circadian pattern does not seem to be consistent. Most publications describe the lowest mff-concentrations in the peripheral blood in the early morning, while the highest counts occurred either in the afternoon, in the late evening or shortly after midnight.
Sixteen dogs were experimentally infected with D. immitis isolates originating from Italy (one isolate, 14 dogs), and the USA (two isolates, one dog each). The dogs were housed indoors with a natural light source (windows) and heating that prevented temperature-drops below 20°C during winter. When patency was reached, blood samples were collected at weekly and monthly intervals over a period of up to 3 years, and at given hours of the day (morning, noon, evening) for the duration of one year in order to determine seasonal, as well as daily variations of microfilaremia.
Despite the fact that the dogs were kept indoors, there was an apparent seasonality of the D. immitis-microfilaremia, with peaks in summer and 5–49-times lower counts in winter. This difference was statistically significant and the ratio remained constant over the years, regardless of the fact that the mff-counts increased from the first to the second year of patency. Since the temperature was kept constantly in a range between 20 to 26°C (with some single outliners in both directions) the climatic conditions may not explain this observation. Therefore, day length may be the most obvious reason for the seasonality in the given study set-up. Interestingly, the Italian D. immitis-isolate lost seasonality after three passages of experimental infections in dogs.
The circadian cycle of mff in the peripheral blood varied considerably between dogs and season. There was no consistent or apparent patt |
doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.07.010 |
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Periodicity, the cyclical rise and fall in microfilaria (mff) numbers in the peripheral blood over time, is observed in many filarial infections. It is correlated with the necessity for these larval stages to be ingested by the blood feeding vector before they can be transmitted to a new vertebrate host. Microfilariae of the dog heartworm Dirofilaria immitis have been described to show periodicity, but the circadian pattern does not seem to be consistent. Most publications describe the lowest mff-concentrations in the peripheral blood in the early morning, while the highest counts occurred either in the afternoon, in the late evening or shortly after midnight.
Sixteen dogs were experimentally infected with D. immitis isolates originating from Italy (one isolate, 14 dogs), and the USA (two isolates, one dog each). The dogs were housed indoors with a natural light source (windows) and heating that prevented temperature-drops below 20°C during winter. When patency was reached, blood samples were collected at weekly and monthly intervals over a period of up to 3 years, and at given hours of the day (morning, noon, evening) for the duration of one year in order to determine seasonal, as well as daily variations of microfilaremia.
Despite the fact that the dogs were kept indoors, there was an apparent seasonality of the D. immitis-microfilaremia, with peaks in summer and 5–49-times lower counts in winter. This difference was statistically significant and the ratio remained constant over the years, regardless of the fact that the mff-counts increased from the first to the second year of patency. Since the temperature was kept constantly in a range between 20 to 26°C (with some single outliners in both directions) the climatic conditions may not explain this observation. Therefore, day length may be the most obvious reason for the seasonality in the given study set-up. Interestingly, the Italian D. immitis-isolate lost seasonality after three passages of experimental infections in dogs.
The circadian cycle of mff in the peripheral blood varied considerably between dogs and season. There was no consistent or apparent pattern, which led to the conclusion that many individual factors seem to influence the appearance of mff in the peripheral blood, even, or especially, under standardized environmental conditions.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0304-4017</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1873-2550</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.07.010</identifier><identifier>PMID: 28807299</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Netherlands: Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>Animals ; Circadian periodicity ; Circadian Rhythm ; Dirofilaria immitis ; Dirofilariasis - parasitology ; Dog ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Microfilaremia ; Parasitemia - veterinary ; Seasonality ; Seasons</subject><ispartof>Veterinary parasitology, 2017-08, Vol.243, p.235-241</ispartof><rights>2017 Elsevier B.V.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c362t-b7e07570a1d051f4ad2acdb4b276fc719e57c19286cc5828623ca05d23ef17933</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c362t-b7e07570a1d051f4ad2acdb4b276fc719e57c19286cc5828623ca05d23ef17933</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.07.010$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,3550,27924,27925,45995</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28807299$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Lovis, Léonore</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Grandjean, Mélanie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Overney, Laurence</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Seewald, Wolfgang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sager, Heinz</creatorcontrib><title>Seasonality and circadian variation of microfilaremia in dogs experimentally infected with Dirofilaria immitis</title><title>Veterinary parasitology</title><addtitle>Vet Parasitol</addtitle><description>•The changes in microfilaremia were observed for up to 3 years in 16 dogs experimentally infected with Dirofilaria immitis.•Seasonality was found in all dogs with microfilaremia-peaks in summer and 5–49-times lower counts in winter.•The circadian cycle of D. immitis microfilariae in the peripheral blood varied considerably between dogs and season.
Periodicity, the cyclical rise and fall in microfilaria (mff) numbers in the peripheral blood over time, is observed in many filarial infections. It is correlated with the necessity for these larval stages to be ingested by the blood feeding vector before they can be transmitted to a new vertebrate host. Microfilariae of the dog heartworm Dirofilaria immitis have been described to show periodicity, but the circadian pattern does not seem to be consistent. Most publications describe the lowest mff-concentrations in the peripheral blood in the early morning, while the highest counts occurred either in the afternoon, in the late evening or shortly after midnight.
Sixteen dogs were experimentally infected with D. immitis isolates originating from Italy (one isolate, 14 dogs), and the USA (two isolates, one dog each). The dogs were housed indoors with a natural light source (windows) and heating that prevented temperature-drops below 20°C during winter. When patency was reached, blood samples were collected at weekly and monthly intervals over a period of up to 3 years, and at given hours of the day (morning, noon, evening) for the duration of one year in order to determine seasonal, as well as daily variations of microfilaremia.
Despite the fact that the dogs were kept indoors, there was an apparent seasonality of the D. immitis-microfilaremia, with peaks in summer and 5–49-times lower counts in winter. This difference was statistically significant and the ratio remained constant over the years, regardless of the fact that the mff-counts increased from the first to the second year of patency. Since the temperature was kept constantly in a range between 20 to 26°C (with some single outliners in both directions) the climatic conditions may not explain this observation. Therefore, day length may be the most obvious reason for the seasonality in the given study set-up. Interestingly, the Italian D. immitis-isolate lost seasonality after three passages of experimental infections in dogs.
The circadian cycle of mff in the peripheral blood varied considerably between dogs and season. There was no consistent or apparent pattern, which led to the conclusion that many individual factors seem to influence the appearance of mff in the peripheral blood, even, or especially, under standardized environmental conditions.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Circadian periodicity</subject><subject>Circadian Rhythm</subject><subject>Dirofilaria immitis</subject><subject>Dirofilariasis - parasitology</subject><subject>Dog</subject><subject>Dogs</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Microfilaremia</subject><subject>Parasitemia - veterinary</subject><subject>Seasonality</subject><subject>Seasons</subject><issn>0304-4017</issn><issn>1873-2550</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2017</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kE-LFDEQxYO4uOPqNxDJ0UuPlfSfdF8EWXdVWPCgnkNNUq01dKfHJDPrfHszzOhRKCioer8q3hPilYK1AtW93a4PlHcY1xqUWUMpBU_ESvWmrnTbwlOxghqaqinra_E8pS0ANNCZZ-Ja9z0YPQwrEb4SpiXgxPkoMXjpODr0jEEeMDJmXoJcRjmzi8vIE0aaGSUH6ZcfSdLvHUWeKWScpmMZj-QyefnI-af8wBfkBMwzZ04vxNWIU6KXl34jvt_ffbv9VD18-fj59v1D5epO52pjCExrAJWHVo0Neo3Ob5qNNt3ojBqoNU4Nuu-ca_vSdO0QWq9rGpUZ6vpGvDnf3cXl155StjMnR9OEgZZ9soUdFAyD6Yu0OUuLwZQijXZXHGE8WgX2lLTd2nPS9pS0hVIKCvb68mG_mcn_g_5GWwTvzgIqPg9M0SbHFBx5jiUk6xf-_4c_0vKTgQ</recordid><startdate>20170830</startdate><enddate>20170830</enddate><creator>Lovis, Léonore</creator><creator>Grandjean, Mélanie</creator><creator>Overney, Laurence</creator><creator>Seewald, Wolfgang</creator><creator>Sager, Heinz</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20170830</creationdate><title>Seasonality and circadian variation of microfilaremia in dogs experimentally infected with Dirofilaria immitis</title><author>Lovis, Léonore ; Grandjean, Mélanie ; Overney, Laurence ; Seewald, Wolfgang ; Sager, Heinz</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c362t-b7e07570a1d051f4ad2acdb4b276fc719e57c19286cc5828623ca05d23ef17933</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2017</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Circadian periodicity</topic><topic>Circadian Rhythm</topic><topic>Dirofilaria immitis</topic><topic>Dirofilariasis - parasitology</topic><topic>Dog</topic><topic>Dogs</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Microfilaremia</topic><topic>Parasitemia - veterinary</topic><topic>Seasonality</topic><topic>Seasons</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Lovis, Léonore</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Grandjean, Mélanie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Overney, Laurence</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Seewald, Wolfgang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sager, Heinz</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Veterinary parasitology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Lovis, Léonore</au><au>Grandjean, Mélanie</au><au>Overney, Laurence</au><au>Seewald, Wolfgang</au><au>Sager, Heinz</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Seasonality and circadian variation of microfilaremia in dogs experimentally infected with Dirofilaria immitis</atitle><jtitle>Veterinary parasitology</jtitle><addtitle>Vet Parasitol</addtitle><date>2017-08-30</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>243</volume><spage>235</spage><epage>241</epage><pages>235-241</pages><issn>0304-4017</issn><eissn>1873-2550</eissn><abstract>•The changes in microfilaremia were observed for up to 3 years in 16 dogs experimentally infected with Dirofilaria immitis.•Seasonality was found in all dogs with microfilaremia-peaks in summer and 5–49-times lower counts in winter.•The circadian cycle of D. immitis microfilariae in the peripheral blood varied considerably between dogs and season.
Periodicity, the cyclical rise and fall in microfilaria (mff) numbers in the peripheral blood over time, is observed in many filarial infections. It is correlated with the necessity for these larval stages to be ingested by the blood feeding vector before they can be transmitted to a new vertebrate host. Microfilariae of the dog heartworm Dirofilaria immitis have been described to show periodicity, but the circadian pattern does not seem to be consistent. Most publications describe the lowest mff-concentrations in the peripheral blood in the early morning, while the highest counts occurred either in the afternoon, in the late evening or shortly after midnight.
Sixteen dogs were experimentally infected with D. immitis isolates originating from Italy (one isolate, 14 dogs), and the USA (two isolates, one dog each). The dogs were housed indoors with a natural light source (windows) and heating that prevented temperature-drops below 20°C during winter. When patency was reached, blood samples were collected at weekly and monthly intervals over a period of up to 3 years, and at given hours of the day (morning, noon, evening) for the duration of one year in order to determine seasonal, as well as daily variations of microfilaremia.
Despite the fact that the dogs were kept indoors, there was an apparent seasonality of the D. immitis-microfilaremia, with peaks in summer and 5–49-times lower counts in winter. This difference was statistically significant and the ratio remained constant over the years, regardless of the fact that the mff-counts increased from the first to the second year of patency. Since the temperature was kept constantly in a range between 20 to 26°C (with some single outliners in both directions) the climatic conditions may not explain this observation. Therefore, day length may be the most obvious reason for the seasonality in the given study set-up. Interestingly, the Italian D. immitis-isolate lost seasonality after three passages of experimental infections in dogs.
The circadian cycle of mff in the peripheral blood varied considerably between dogs and season. There was no consistent or apparent pattern, which led to the conclusion that many individual factors seem to influence the appearance of mff in the peripheral blood, even, or especially, under standardized environmental conditions.</abstract><cop>Netherlands</cop><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><pmid>28807299</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.07.010</doi><tpages>7</tpages></addata></record> |
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subjects | Animals Circadian periodicity Circadian Rhythm Dirofilaria immitis Dirofilariasis - parasitology Dog Dogs Female Male Microfilaremia Parasitemia - veterinary Seasonality Seasons |
title | Seasonality and circadian variation of microfilaremia in dogs experimentally infected with Dirofilaria immitis |
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