The roles of dermal white adipose tissue loss in scleroderma skin fibrosis

PURPOSE OF REVIEWDermal white adipose tissue (DWAT) is distinct from subcutaneous white adipose tissue and is lost in scleroderma skin fibrosis. The roles of DWAT loss in scleroderma skin fibrosis have not been well understood, and here we discuss recent findings that begin to provide insight into the multiple mechanisms involved. RECENT FINDINGSThe DWAT loss in part reflects the direct contribution of DWAT cells to the fibrotic tissue, with the reprogramming of adipocytes to myofibroblasts. The DWAT contains reparative adipose-derived stromal cells and expresses antifibrotic cytokines such as adiponectin, and the loss of these skin-protective mechanisms with DWAT loss further contributes to skin fibrosis and injury. SUMMARYPotentially, halting or reversing the transdifferentiation of adipocytes to myofibroblasts along with improving survival of reparative adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) and expression of antifibrotic cytokines may be effective therapeutic avenues.