Environmental Surveillance for Noroviruses in Selected South African Wastewaters 2015–2016: Emergence of the Novel GII.17
Norovirus (NoV) GII.4 is the predominant genotype associated with gastroenteritis pandemics and new strains emerge every 2–3 years. Between 2008 and 2011, environmental studies in South Africa (SA) reported NoVs in 63% of the sewage-polluted river water samples. The aim of this study was to assess w...
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| description | Norovirus (NoV) GII.4 is the predominant genotype associated with gastroenteritis pandemics and new strains emerge every 2–3 years. Between 2008 and 2011, environmental studies in South Africa (SA) reported NoVs in 63% of the sewage-polluted river water samples. The aim of this study was to assess whether wastewater samples could be used for routine surveillance of NoVs, including GII.4 variants. From April 2015 to March 2016, raw sewage and effluent water samples were collected monthly from five wastewater treatment plants in SA. A total of 108 samples were screened for NoV GI and GII using real-time RT-qPCR. Overall 72.2% (78/108) of samples tested positive for NoVs with 4.6% (5/108) GI, 31.5% (34/108) GII and 36.1% (39/108) GI + GII strains being detected. Norovirus concentrations ranged from 1.02 × 10
2
to 3.41 × 10
6
genome copies/litre for GI and 5.00 × 10
3
to 1.31 × 10
6
genome copies/litre for GII. Sixteen NoV genotypes (GI.2, GI.3, GI.4, GI.5, GI.6, GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, GII.7, GII.9, GII.10, GII.14, GII.16, GII.17, GII.20, and GII.21) were identified. Norovirus GII.2 and GII.17 co-dominated and the majority of GII.17 strains clustered with the novel Kawasaki 2014 variant. Sewage surveillance facilitated detection of Kawasaki 2014 in SA, which to date has not been detected with surveillance in children with gastroenteritis |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s12560-017-9316-2 |
| format | Article |
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2
to 3.41 × 10
6
genome copies/litre for GI and 5.00 × 10
3
to 1.31 × 10
6
genome copies/litre for GII. Sixteen NoV genotypes (GI.2, GI.3, GI.4, GI.5, GI.6, GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, GII.7, GII.9, GII.10, GII.14, GII.16, GII.17, GII.20, and GII.21) were identified. Norovirus GII.2 and GII.17 co-dominated and the majority of GII.17 strains clustered with the novel Kawasaki 2014 variant. Sewage surveillance facilitated detection of Kawasaki 2014 in SA, which to date has not been detected with surveillance in children with gastroenteritis <5 years of age. Combined surveillance in the clinical setting and environment appears to be a valuable strategy to monitor emergence of NoV strains in countries that lack NoV outbreak surveillance.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1867-0334</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1867-0342</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9316-2</identifier><identifier>PMID: 28779481</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York: Springer US</publisher><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Biomedicine ; Caliciviridae Infections - virology ; Chemistry/Food Science ; Children ; Disease Outbreaks ; Emergence ; Environmental Monitoring - methods ; Environmental studies ; Food Science ; Gastroenteritis ; Gastroenteritis - virology ; Genomes ; Genotype ; Genotypes ; Humans ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Norovirus ; Norovirus - genetics ; Norovirus - growth & development ; Original Paper ; Pandemics ; Raw sewage ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rivers ; Sewage ; Sewage - virology ; Sewage disposal ; South Africa ; Strains (organisms) ; Surveillance ; Virology ; Waste Water - virology ; Wastewater treatment ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Water ; Water analysis ; Water pollution ; Water sampling</subject><ispartof>Food and environmental virology, 2018-03, Vol.10 (1), p.16-28</ispartof><rights>Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2017</rights><rights>Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2017.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c372t-518335b6a8d5d229d3f4d833afc92c52d292a8d16d581850ee05db81559f73</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c372t-518335b6a8d5d229d3f4d833afc92c52d292a8d16d581850ee05db81559f73</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-6721-1177</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12560-017-9316-2$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12560-017-9316-2$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28779481$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Mabasa, V. V.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Meno, K. D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Taylor, M. B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mans, Janet</creatorcontrib><title>Environmental Surveillance for Noroviruses in Selected South African Wastewaters 2015–2016: Emergence of the Novel GII.17</title><title>Food and environmental virology</title><addtitle>Food Environ Virol</addtitle><addtitle>Food Environ Virol</addtitle><description>Norovirus (NoV) GII.4 is the predominant genotype associated with gastroenteritis pandemics and new strains emerge every 2–3 years. Between 2008 and 2011, environmental studies in South Africa (SA) reported NoVs in 63% of the sewage-polluted river water samples. The aim of this study was to assess whether wastewater samples could be used for routine surveillance of NoVs, including GII.4 variants. From April 2015 to March 2016, raw sewage and effluent water samples were collected monthly from five wastewater treatment plants in SA. A total of 108 samples were screened for NoV GI and GII using real-time RT-qPCR. Overall 72.2% (78/108) of samples tested positive for NoVs with 4.6% (5/108) GI, 31.5% (34/108) GII and 36.1% (39/108) GI + GII strains being detected. Norovirus concentrations ranged from 1.02 × 10
2
to 3.41 × 10
6
genome copies/litre for GI and 5.00 × 10
3
to 1.31 × 10
6
genome copies/litre for GII. Sixteen NoV genotypes (GI.2, GI.3, GI.4, GI.5, GI.6, GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, GII.7, GII.9, GII.10, GII.14, GII.16, GII.17, GII.20, and GII.21) were identified. Norovirus GII.2 and GII.17 co-dominated and the majority of GII.17 strains clustered with the novel Kawasaki 2014 variant. Sewage surveillance facilitated detection of Kawasaki 2014 in SA, which to date has not been detected with surveillance in children with gastroenteritis <5 years of age. Combined surveillance in the clinical setting and environment appears to be a valuable strategy to monitor emergence of NoV strains in countries that lack NoV outbreak surveillance.</description><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biomedicine</subject><subject>Caliciviridae Infections - virology</subject><subject>Chemistry/Food Science</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Disease Outbreaks</subject><subject>Emergence</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring - methods</subject><subject>Environmental studies</subject><subject>Food Science</subject><subject>Gastroenteritis</subject><subject>Gastroenteritis - virology</subject><subject>Genomes</subject><subject>Genotype</subject><subject>Genotypes</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Molecular Epidemiology</subject><subject>Norovirus</subject><subject>Norovirus - genetics</subject><subject>Norovirus - growth & development</subject><subject>Original Paper</subject><subject>Pandemics</subject><subject>Raw sewage</subject><subject>Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction</subject><subject>Rivers</subject><subject>Sewage</subject><subject>Sewage - virology</subject><subject>Sewage disposal</subject><subject>South Africa</subject><subject>Strains (organisms)</subject><subject>Surveillance</subject><subject>Virology</subject><subject>Waste Water - virology</subject><subject>Wastewater treatment</subject><subject>Wastewater treatment plants</subject><subject>Water</subject><subject>Water analysis</subject><subject>Water pollution</subject><subject>Water sampling</subject><issn>1867-0334</issn><issn>1867-0342</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2018</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kc9O3DAQxq0KVCjtA_RSWeLCJWCP4z_pDaEFVkIgsZV6tLzxBIKSmNrJIsSFd-gb9knq1QKVKnGa0cxvvrHnI-QrZ4ecMX2UOEjFCsZ1UQmuCvhAdrlRumCihK23XJQ75FNKd4wpAVJ8JDtgtK5Kw3fJ02xYtTEMPQ6j6-hiiitsu84NNdImRHoZYsjAlDDRdqAL7LAe0dNFmMZbetzEtnYD_enSiA9uxJgoMC7_PP_OQX2nsx7jDa7FQkPHW8x6K-zo2Xx-yPVnst24LuGXl7hHrk9nP07Oi4urs_nJ8UVRCw1jIbkRQi6VM156gMqLpvS55Jq6glqChwpyjysvDTeSITLpl4ZLWTVa7JGDjeh9DL8mTKPt21Tj-osYpmR5BUrlO2mT0f3_0LswxSE_zUI-dykrASJTfEPVMaQUsbH3se1dfLSc2bUtdmOLzbbYtS0W8sy3F-Vp2aN_m3j1IQOwAVJuDTcY_61-X_UvkEeWzg</recordid><startdate>20180301</startdate><enddate>20180301</enddate><creator>Mabasa, V. V.</creator><creator>Meno, K. D.</creator><creator>Taylor, M. B.</creator><creator>Mans, Janet</creator><general>Springer US</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6721-1177</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20180301</creationdate><title>Environmental Surveillance for Noroviruses in Selected South African Wastewaters 2015–2016: Emergence of the Novel GII.17</title><author>Mabasa, V. V. ; Meno, K. D. ; Taylor, M. B. ; Mans, Janet</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c372t-518335b6a8d5d229d3f4d833afc92c52d292a8d16d581850ee05db81559f73</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><topic>Biomedical and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Biomedicine</topic><topic>Caliciviridae Infections - virology</topic><topic>Chemistry/Food Science</topic><topic>Children</topic><topic>Disease Outbreaks</topic><topic>Emergence</topic><topic>Environmental Monitoring - methods</topic><topic>Environmental studies</topic><topic>Food Science</topic><topic>Gastroenteritis</topic><topic>Gastroenteritis - virology</topic><topic>Genomes</topic><topic>Genotype</topic><topic>Genotypes</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Molecular Epidemiology</topic><topic>Norovirus</topic><topic>Norovirus - genetics</topic><topic>Norovirus - growth & development</topic><topic>Original Paper</topic><topic>Pandemics</topic><topic>Raw sewage</topic><topic>Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction</topic><topic>Rivers</topic><topic>Sewage</topic><topic>Sewage - virology</topic><topic>Sewage disposal</topic><topic>South Africa</topic><topic>Strains (organisms)</topic><topic>Surveillance</topic><topic>Virology</topic><topic>Waste Water - virology</topic><topic>Wastewater treatment</topic><topic>Wastewater treatment plants</topic><topic>Water</topic><topic>Water analysis</topic><topic>Water pollution</topic><topic>Water sampling</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Mabasa, V. V.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Meno, K. D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Taylor, M. B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mans, Janet</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Food and environmental virology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Mabasa, V. V.</au><au>Meno, K. D.</au><au>Taylor, M. B.</au><au>Mans, Janet</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Environmental Surveillance for Noroviruses in Selected South African Wastewaters 2015–2016: Emergence of the Novel GII.17</atitle><jtitle>Food and environmental virology</jtitle><stitle>Food Environ Virol</stitle><addtitle>Food Environ Virol</addtitle><date>2018-03-01</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>10</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>16</spage><epage>28</epage><pages>16-28</pages><issn>1867-0334</issn><eissn>1867-0342</eissn><abstract>Norovirus (NoV) GII.4 is the predominant genotype associated with gastroenteritis pandemics and new strains emerge every 2–3 years. Between 2008 and 2011, environmental studies in South Africa (SA) reported NoVs in 63% of the sewage-polluted river water samples. The aim of this study was to assess whether wastewater samples could be used for routine surveillance of NoVs, including GII.4 variants. From April 2015 to March 2016, raw sewage and effluent water samples were collected monthly from five wastewater treatment plants in SA. A total of 108 samples were screened for NoV GI and GII using real-time RT-qPCR. Overall 72.2% (78/108) of samples tested positive for NoVs with 4.6% (5/108) GI, 31.5% (34/108) GII and 36.1% (39/108) GI + GII strains being detected. Norovirus concentrations ranged from 1.02 × 10
2
to 3.41 × 10
6
genome copies/litre for GI and 5.00 × 10
3
to 1.31 × 10
6
genome copies/litre for GII. Sixteen NoV genotypes (GI.2, GI.3, GI.4, GI.5, GI.6, GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, GII.7, GII.9, GII.10, GII.14, GII.16, GII.17, GII.20, and GII.21) were identified. Norovirus GII.2 and GII.17 co-dominated and the majority of GII.17 strains clustered with the novel Kawasaki 2014 variant. Sewage surveillance facilitated detection of Kawasaki 2014 in SA, which to date has not been detected with surveillance in children with gastroenteritis <5 years of age. Combined surveillance in the clinical setting and environment appears to be a valuable strategy to monitor emergence of NoV strains in countries that lack NoV outbreak surveillance.</abstract><cop>New York</cop><pub>Springer US</pub><pmid>28779481</pmid><doi>10.1007/s12560-017-9316-2</doi><tpages>13</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6721-1177</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedicine Caliciviridae Infections - virology Chemistry/Food Science Children Disease Outbreaks Emergence Environmental Monitoring - methods Environmental studies Food Science Gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis - virology Genomes Genotype Genotypes Humans Molecular Epidemiology Norovirus Norovirus - genetics Norovirus - growth & development Original Paper Pandemics Raw sewage Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Rivers Sewage Sewage - virology Sewage disposal South Africa Strains (organisms) Surveillance Virology Waste Water - virology Wastewater treatment Wastewater treatment plants Water Water analysis Water pollution Water sampling |
| title | Environmental Surveillance for Noroviruses in Selected South African Wastewaters 2015–2016: Emergence of the Novel GII.17 |
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