Testing and parameterizing a conceptual model for solute transport in a fractured granite using multiple tracers in a forced-gradient test

A cross‐hole tracer test involving the simultaneous injection of two nonsorbing solute tracers with different diffusion coefficients (bromide and pentafluorobenzoate) and a weakly sorbing solute tracer (lithium ion) was conducted in a fractured granite near an underground nuclear test cavity in central Nevada. The test was conducted to (1) test a conceptual radionuclide transport model for the site and (2) obtain transport parameter estimates for predictive modeling. The differences between the responses of the two nonsorbing tracers (when normalized to injection masses) are consistent with a dual‐porosity transport system in which matrix diffusion is occurring. The large concentration attenuation of the sorbing tracer relative to the nonsorbing tracers suggests that diffusion occurs primarily into matrix pores, not simply into stagnant water within the fractures. The relative responses of the tracers at late times suggest that the diffusion‐accessible matrix pore volume is possibly limited to only half the total volume of the flow system, implying that the effective retardation factor due to matrix diffusion may be as small as 1.5 for nonsorbing solutes in the system. The lower end of the range of possible sorption Kd values deduced from the lithium response is greater than the upper 95% confidence bound of Kd values measured in laboratory sorption tests using crushed granite from the site. This result suggests that the practice of using laboratory sorption data in field‐scale transport predictions of cation‐exchanging radionuclides, such as 137Cs+ and 90Sr++, should be conservative for the SHOAL site.