Anxiety disorders, gender nonconformity, bullying and self‐esteem in sexual minority adolescents: prospective birth cohort study
Background Sexual minority adolescents (i.e. youth not exclusively heterosexual) report more anxiety than heterosexual youth on symptom questionnaires but no research has used standardised diagnostic tools to investigate anxiety disorder risk. This study uses a UK birth cohort to investigate the ris...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of child psychology and psychiatry 2017-11, Vol.58 (11), p.1201-1209 |
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| container_title | Journal of child psychology and psychiatry |
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| creator | Jones, Abbeygail Robinson, Emily Oginni, Olakunle Rahman, Qazi Rimes, Katharine A. |
| description | Background
Sexual minority adolescents (i.e. youth not exclusively heterosexual) report more anxiety than heterosexual youth on symptom questionnaires but no research has used standardised diagnostic tools to investigate anxiety disorder risk. This study uses a UK birth cohort to investigate the risk of anxiety disorders in sexual minority and heterosexual youth using a computerised structured clinical interview and explores the influence of gender nonconformity, bullying and self‐esteem.
Methods
Participants were 4,564 adolescents (2,567 girls and 1,996 boys) from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the association between sexual orientation at 15.5 years and the presence of an anxiety disorder at 17.5 years. Covariates including maternal occupation, ethnicity, mother‐reported childhood gender nonconformity at 30, 42 and 57 months, child‐reported gender nonconformity at 8 years, child‐reported bullying between 12 and 16 years and self‐esteem at 17.5 years were added sequentially to regression models.
Results
Sexual minority adolescents (i.e. those not exclusively heterosexual) had higher early childhood gender nonconformity (CGN), lower self‐esteem and reported more bullying than adolescents identifying as 100% heterosexual. Minority sexual orientation at 15.5 years was associated with increased risk of an anxiety disorder at 17.5 years for girls (OR 2.55, CI 1.85–3.52) and boys (OR 2.48, CI 1.40–4.39). Adjusting for ethnicity, maternal occupation, mother‐reported and child‐reported CGN had minimal impact on this association. Adjusting for bullying between 12 and 16 years and self‐esteem at 17.5 years reduced the strength of the associations, although the overall association remained significant for both sexes (girls OR 2.14 and boys OR 1.93).
Conclusions
Sexual minority youth are at increased risk of anxiety disorders relative to heterosexual youth at 17.5 years. Bullying between 12–16 years and lower self‐esteem may contribute to this risk. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/jcpp.12757 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_1904899359</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>1953785325</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3937-8b4a6f9ec5f7650022f6ffcb62ea928901eaa76860214e43f9d5aa91b4eaa323</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kcFu1TAQRS1ERR-FDR-ALLFBqCl2HDsxu-oJSlEluug-cpxx66fEDnYCzQ7xBXwjX9Ipr7BgwWw8Gh1d3etLyAvOTjjO252dphNe1rJ-RDa8UrqoFWePyYaxkhdaCXZInua8Y4wpIZsn5LBspNKsqjbkx2m49TCvtPc5ph5SPqbXEHChIQYbg4tp9PN6TLtlGFYfrqkJPc0wuF_ff0KeAUbqAx5uFzPQ0YeYEKemjwNkC2HO7-iUYp7Azv4r0M6n-YbaeBPTTPO89OszcuDMkOH5w3tErj68v9p-LC4-n51vTy8KK7Soi6arjHIarHS1khitdMo526kSjC4bzTgYU6tGYegKKuF0L43RvKvwLkpxRF7vZdHNlwWdt6NHg8NgAsQltxw_pNFaSI3oq3_QXVxSQHNISVE3UpQSqTd7ymK8nMC1U_KjSWvLWXtfTHtfTPu7GIRfPkgu3Qj9X_RPEwjwPfDND7D-R6r9tL283IveAWm-nFo</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1953785325</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Anxiety disorders, gender nonconformity, bullying and self‐esteem in sexual minority adolescents: prospective birth cohort study</title><source>Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)</source><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Wiley Online Library Journals Frontfile Complete</source><creator>Jones, Abbeygail ; Robinson, Emily ; Oginni, Olakunle ; Rahman, Qazi ; Rimes, Katharine A.</creator><creatorcontrib>Jones, Abbeygail ; Robinson, Emily ; Oginni, Olakunle ; Rahman, Qazi ; Rimes, Katharine A.</creatorcontrib><description>Background
Sexual minority adolescents (i.e. youth not exclusively heterosexual) report more anxiety than heterosexual youth on symptom questionnaires but no research has used standardised diagnostic tools to investigate anxiety disorder risk. This study uses a UK birth cohort to investigate the risk of anxiety disorders in sexual minority and heterosexual youth using a computerised structured clinical interview and explores the influence of gender nonconformity, bullying and self‐esteem.
Methods
Participants were 4,564 adolescents (2,567 girls and 1,996 boys) from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the association between sexual orientation at 15.5 years and the presence of an anxiety disorder at 17.5 years. Covariates including maternal occupation, ethnicity, mother‐reported childhood gender nonconformity at 30, 42 and 57 months, child‐reported gender nonconformity at 8 years, child‐reported bullying between 12 and 16 years and self‐esteem at 17.5 years were added sequentially to regression models.
Results
Sexual minority adolescents (i.e. those not exclusively heterosexual) had higher early childhood gender nonconformity (CGN), lower self‐esteem and reported more bullying than adolescents identifying as 100% heterosexual. Minority sexual orientation at 15.5 years was associated with increased risk of an anxiety disorder at 17.5 years for girls (OR 2.55, CI 1.85–3.52) and boys (OR 2.48, CI 1.40–4.39). Adjusting for ethnicity, maternal occupation, mother‐reported and child‐reported CGN had minimal impact on this association. Adjusting for bullying between 12 and 16 years and self‐esteem at 17.5 years reduced the strength of the associations, although the overall association remained significant for both sexes (girls OR 2.14 and boys OR 1.93).
Conclusions
Sexual minority youth are at increased risk of anxiety disorders relative to heterosexual youth at 17.5 years. Bullying between 12–16 years and lower self‐esteem may contribute to this risk.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0021-9630</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1469-7610</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12757</identifier><identifier>PMID: 28569044</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject><![CDATA[Adolescence ; Adolescent ; Adolescent girls ; Adolescents ; anxiety ; Anxiety disorders ; Anxiety Disorders - epidemiology ; Anxiety Disorders - etiology ; Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children ; Bullying ; Bullying - statistics & numerical data ; Child ; Child & adolescent psychiatry ; Childbirth & labor ; Childhood ; childhood gender nonconformity ; Children & youth ; Clinical interviews ; Cohort analysis ; Conformity ; Ethnicity ; Female ; Gender ; Gender nonconforming ; Heterosexuality - psychology ; Heterosexuality - statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; longitudinal ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Minority groups ; Mothers ; prospective ; Questionnaires ; Self Concept ; Self esteem ; Sexual and Gender Minorities - psychology ; Sexual and Gender Minorities - statistics & numerical data ; sexual minority ; Sexual orientation ; Teenagers ; United Kingdom - epidemiology]]></subject><ispartof>Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, 2017-11, Vol.58 (11), p.1201-1209</ispartof><rights>2017 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2017 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3937-8b4a6f9ec5f7650022f6ffcb62ea928901eaa76860214e43f9d5aa91b4eaa323</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3937-8b4a6f9ec5f7650022f6ffcb62ea928901eaa76860214e43f9d5aa91b4eaa323</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111%2Fjcpp.12757$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Fjcpp.12757$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,1411,27901,27902,30976,45550,45551</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28569044$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Jones, Abbeygail</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Robinson, Emily</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oginni, Olakunle</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rahman, Qazi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rimes, Katharine A.</creatorcontrib><title>Anxiety disorders, gender nonconformity, bullying and self‐esteem in sexual minority adolescents: prospective birth cohort study</title><title>Journal of child psychology and psychiatry</title><addtitle>J Child Psychol Psychiatry</addtitle><description>Background
Sexual minority adolescents (i.e. youth not exclusively heterosexual) report more anxiety than heterosexual youth on symptom questionnaires but no research has used standardised diagnostic tools to investigate anxiety disorder risk. This study uses a UK birth cohort to investigate the risk of anxiety disorders in sexual minority and heterosexual youth using a computerised structured clinical interview and explores the influence of gender nonconformity, bullying and self‐esteem.
Methods
Participants were 4,564 adolescents (2,567 girls and 1,996 boys) from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the association between sexual orientation at 15.5 years and the presence of an anxiety disorder at 17.5 years. Covariates including maternal occupation, ethnicity, mother‐reported childhood gender nonconformity at 30, 42 and 57 months, child‐reported gender nonconformity at 8 years, child‐reported bullying between 12 and 16 years and self‐esteem at 17.5 years were added sequentially to regression models.
Results
Sexual minority adolescents (i.e. those not exclusively heterosexual) had higher early childhood gender nonconformity (CGN), lower self‐esteem and reported more bullying than adolescents identifying as 100% heterosexual. Minority sexual orientation at 15.5 years was associated with increased risk of an anxiety disorder at 17.5 years for girls (OR 2.55, CI 1.85–3.52) and boys (OR 2.48, CI 1.40–4.39). Adjusting for ethnicity, maternal occupation, mother‐reported and child‐reported CGN had minimal impact on this association. Adjusting for bullying between 12 and 16 years and self‐esteem at 17.5 years reduced the strength of the associations, although the overall association remained significant for both sexes (girls OR 2.14 and boys OR 1.93).
Conclusions
Sexual minority youth are at increased risk of anxiety disorders relative to heterosexual youth at 17.5 years. Bullying between 12–16 years and lower self‐esteem may contribute to this risk.</description><subject>Adolescence</subject><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adolescent girls</subject><subject>Adolescents</subject><subject>anxiety</subject><subject>Anxiety disorders</subject><subject>Anxiety Disorders - epidemiology</subject><subject>Anxiety Disorders - etiology</subject><subject>Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children</subject><subject>Bullying</subject><subject>Bullying - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child & adolescent psychiatry</subject><subject>Childbirth & labor</subject><subject>Childhood</subject><subject>childhood gender nonconformity</subject><subject>Children & youth</subject><subject>Clinical interviews</subject><subject>Cohort analysis</subject><subject>Conformity</subject><subject>Ethnicity</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Gender</subject><subject>Gender nonconforming</subject><subject>Heterosexuality - psychology</subject><subject>Heterosexuality - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>longitudinal</subject><subject>Longitudinal Studies</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Minority groups</subject><subject>Mothers</subject><subject>prospective</subject><subject>Questionnaires</subject><subject>Self Concept</subject><subject>Self esteem</subject><subject>Sexual and Gender Minorities - psychology</subject><subject>Sexual and Gender Minorities - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>sexual minority</subject><subject>Sexual orientation</subject><subject>Teenagers</subject><subject>United Kingdom - epidemiology</subject><issn>0021-9630</issn><issn>1469-7610</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2017</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>7QJ</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kcFu1TAQRS1ERR-FDR-ALLFBqCl2HDsxu-oJSlEluug-cpxx66fEDnYCzQ7xBXwjX9Ipr7BgwWw8Gh1d3etLyAvOTjjO252dphNe1rJ-RDa8UrqoFWePyYaxkhdaCXZInua8Y4wpIZsn5LBspNKsqjbkx2m49TCvtPc5ph5SPqbXEHChIQYbg4tp9PN6TLtlGFYfrqkJPc0wuF_ff0KeAUbqAx5uFzPQ0YeYEKemjwNkC2HO7-iUYp7Azv4r0M6n-YbaeBPTTPO89OszcuDMkOH5w3tErj68v9p-LC4-n51vTy8KK7Soi6arjHIarHS1khitdMo526kSjC4bzTgYU6tGYegKKuF0L43RvKvwLkpxRF7vZdHNlwWdt6NHg8NgAsQltxw_pNFaSI3oq3_QXVxSQHNISVE3UpQSqTd7ymK8nMC1U_KjSWvLWXtfTHtfTPu7GIRfPkgu3Qj9X_RPEwjwPfDND7D-R6r9tL283IveAWm-nFo</recordid><startdate>201711</startdate><enddate>201711</enddate><creator>Jones, Abbeygail</creator><creator>Robinson, Emily</creator><creator>Oginni, Olakunle</creator><creator>Rahman, Qazi</creator><creator>Rimes, Katharine A.</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QJ</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201711</creationdate><title>Anxiety disorders, gender nonconformity, bullying and self‐esteem in sexual minority adolescents: prospective birth cohort study</title><author>Jones, Abbeygail ; Robinson, Emily ; Oginni, Olakunle ; Rahman, Qazi ; Rimes, Katharine A.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3937-8b4a6f9ec5f7650022f6ffcb62ea928901eaa76860214e43f9d5aa91b4eaa323</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2017</creationdate><topic>Adolescence</topic><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adolescent girls</topic><topic>Adolescents</topic><topic>anxiety</topic><topic>Anxiety disorders</topic><topic>Anxiety Disorders - epidemiology</topic><topic>Anxiety Disorders - etiology</topic><topic>Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children</topic><topic>Bullying</topic><topic>Bullying - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Child & adolescent psychiatry</topic><topic>Childbirth & labor</topic><topic>Childhood</topic><topic>childhood gender nonconformity</topic><topic>Children & youth</topic><topic>Clinical interviews</topic><topic>Cohort analysis</topic><topic>Conformity</topic><topic>Ethnicity</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Gender</topic><topic>Gender nonconforming</topic><topic>Heterosexuality - psychology</topic><topic>Heterosexuality - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>longitudinal</topic><topic>Longitudinal Studies</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Minority groups</topic><topic>Mothers</topic><topic>prospective</topic><topic>Questionnaires</topic><topic>Self Concept</topic><topic>Self esteem</topic><topic>Sexual and Gender Minorities - psychology</topic><topic>Sexual and Gender Minorities - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>sexual minority</topic><topic>Sexual orientation</topic><topic>Teenagers</topic><topic>United Kingdom - epidemiology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Jones, Abbeygail</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Robinson, Emily</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oginni, Olakunle</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rahman, Qazi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rimes, Katharine A.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Journal of child psychology and psychiatry</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Jones, Abbeygail</au><au>Robinson, Emily</au><au>Oginni, Olakunle</au><au>Rahman, Qazi</au><au>Rimes, Katharine A.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Anxiety disorders, gender nonconformity, bullying and self‐esteem in sexual minority adolescents: prospective birth cohort study</atitle><jtitle>Journal of child psychology and psychiatry</jtitle><addtitle>J Child Psychol Psychiatry</addtitle><date>2017-11</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>58</volume><issue>11</issue><spage>1201</spage><epage>1209</epage><pages>1201-1209</pages><issn>0021-9630</issn><eissn>1469-7610</eissn><abstract>Background
Sexual minority adolescents (i.e. youth not exclusively heterosexual) report more anxiety than heterosexual youth on symptom questionnaires but no research has used standardised diagnostic tools to investigate anxiety disorder risk. This study uses a UK birth cohort to investigate the risk of anxiety disorders in sexual minority and heterosexual youth using a computerised structured clinical interview and explores the influence of gender nonconformity, bullying and self‐esteem.
Methods
Participants were 4,564 adolescents (2,567 girls and 1,996 boys) from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the association between sexual orientation at 15.5 years and the presence of an anxiety disorder at 17.5 years. Covariates including maternal occupation, ethnicity, mother‐reported childhood gender nonconformity at 30, 42 and 57 months, child‐reported gender nonconformity at 8 years, child‐reported bullying between 12 and 16 years and self‐esteem at 17.5 years were added sequentially to regression models.
Results
Sexual minority adolescents (i.e. those not exclusively heterosexual) had higher early childhood gender nonconformity (CGN), lower self‐esteem and reported more bullying than adolescents identifying as 100% heterosexual. Minority sexual orientation at 15.5 years was associated with increased risk of an anxiety disorder at 17.5 years for girls (OR 2.55, CI 1.85–3.52) and boys (OR 2.48, CI 1.40–4.39). Adjusting for ethnicity, maternal occupation, mother‐reported and child‐reported CGN had minimal impact on this association. Adjusting for bullying between 12 and 16 years and self‐esteem at 17.5 years reduced the strength of the associations, although the overall association remained significant for both sexes (girls OR 2.14 and boys OR 1.93).
Conclusions
Sexual minority youth are at increased risk of anxiety disorders relative to heterosexual youth at 17.5 years. Bullying between 12–16 years and lower self‐esteem may contribute to this risk.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><pmid>28569044</pmid><doi>10.1111/jcpp.12757</doi><tpages>9</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA); MEDLINE; Wiley Online Library Journals Frontfile Complete |
| subjects | Adolescence Adolescent Adolescent girls Adolescents anxiety Anxiety disorders Anxiety Disorders - epidemiology Anxiety Disorders - etiology Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children Bullying Bullying - statistics & numerical data Child Child & adolescent psychiatry Childbirth & labor Childhood childhood gender nonconformity Children & youth Clinical interviews Cohort analysis Conformity Ethnicity Female Gender Gender nonconforming Heterosexuality - psychology Heterosexuality - statistics & numerical data Humans longitudinal Longitudinal Studies Male Minority groups Mothers prospective Questionnaires Self Concept Self esteem Sexual and Gender Minorities - psychology Sexual and Gender Minorities - statistics & numerical data sexual minority Sexual orientation Teenagers United Kingdom - epidemiology |
| title | Anxiety disorders, gender nonconformity, bullying and self‐esteem in sexual minority adolescents: prospective birth cohort study |
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