Meteorological factors, air pollutants, and emergency department visits for otitis media: a time series study
Otitis media (OM) is a very common disease in children, which results in a significant economic burden to the healthcare system for hospital-based outpatient departments, emergency departments (EDs), unscheduled medical examinations, and antibiotic prescriptions. The aim of this retrospective observ...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | International journal of biometeorology 2017-10, Vol.61 (10), p.1749-1764 |
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| description | Otitis media (OM) is a very common disease in children, which results in a significant economic burden to the healthcare system for hospital-based outpatient departments, emergency departments (EDs), unscheduled medical examinations, and antibiotic prescriptions. The aim of this retrospective observational study is to investigate the association between climate variables, air pollutants, and OM visits observed in the 2007–2010 period at the ED of Cuneo, Italy. Measures of meteorological parameters (temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind) and outdoor air pollutants (particulate matter, ozone, nitrous dioxide) were analyzed at two statistical stages and in several specific steps (crude and adjusted models) according to Poisson’s regression. Response variables included daily examinations for age groups 0–3, 0–6, and 0–18. Control variables included upper respiratory infections (URI), flu (FLU), and several calendar factors. A statistical procedure was implemented to capture any delayed effects. Results show a moderate association for temperature (
T
), age 0–3, and 0–6 with
P
|
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00484-017-1356-7 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_1894915366</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>1894915366</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c372t-6066df3df60fdf23cdb647c2162e4e1c690489ce6fcda6ef644194f50f96cf4f3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp1kU-LFDEQxYMo7rj6AbxIwIsHW5N0urrjbVn8Byte9ByySWXI0t0ZU2lhvr0ZZhURPBWhfu8leY-x51K8kUKMb0kIPelOyLGT_QDd-IDtpO5VJ9WgH7KdEEp0o1TTBXtCdCeaZoLxMbtQkwbQUu_Y8gUr5pLnvE_ezTw6X3Oh19ylwg95nrfq1no6r4HjgmWPqz_ygAdX6oJr5T8TpUo85sJzTTURXzAk9447XtOCnLAkJE51C8en7FF0M-Gz-3nJvn94_-36U3fz9ePn66ubzvejqh0IgBD7EEHEEFXvwy3o0SsJCjVKD6b923iE6IMDjKC1NDoOIhrwUcf-kr06-x5K_rEhVbsk8jjPbsW8kZWT0UYOPUBDX_6D3uWtrO11VppBDsJMZmqUPFO-ZKKC0R5KWlw5WinsqQt77sK2LuypCzs2zYt75-22RfJH8Tv8BqgzQG217rH8dfV_XX8BEJyVfQ</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1951509898</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Meteorological factors, air pollutants, and emergency department visits for otitis media: a time series study</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings</source><creator>Gestro, Massimo ; Condemi, Vincenzo ; Bardi, Luisella ; Fantino, Claudio ; Solimene, Umberto</creator><creatorcontrib>Gestro, Massimo ; Condemi, Vincenzo ; Bardi, Luisella ; Fantino, Claudio ; Solimene, Umberto</creatorcontrib><description>Otitis media (OM) is a very common disease in children, which results in a significant economic burden to the healthcare system for hospital-based outpatient departments, emergency departments (EDs), unscheduled medical examinations, and antibiotic prescriptions. The aim of this retrospective observational study is to investigate the association between climate variables, air pollutants, and OM visits observed in the 2007–2010 period at the ED of Cuneo, Italy. Measures of meteorological parameters (temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind) and outdoor air pollutants (particulate matter, ozone, nitrous dioxide) were analyzed at two statistical stages and in several specific steps (crude and adjusted models) according to Poisson’s regression. Response variables included daily examinations for age groups 0–3, 0–6, and 0–18. Control variables included upper respiratory infections (URI), flu (FLU), and several calendar factors. A statistical procedure was implemented to capture any delayed effects. Results show a moderate association for temperature (
T
), age 0–3, and 0–6 with
P
< 0.05, as well as nitrous dioxide (NO
2
) with
P
< 0.005 at age 0–18. Results of subsequent models point out to URI as an important control variable. No statistical association was observed for other pollutants and meteorological variables. The dose–response models (DLNM—final stage) implemented separately on a daily and hourly basis point out to an association between temperature (daily model) and RR 1.44 at age 0–3, CI 1.11–1.88 (lag time 0–1 days) and RR 1.43, CI 1.05–1.94 (lag time 0–3 days). The hourly model confirms a specific dose–response effect for
T
with RR 1.20, CI 1.04–1.38 (lag time range from 0 to 11 to 0–15 h) and for NO
2
with RR 1.03, CI 1.01–1.05 (lag time range from 0 to 8 to 0–15 h). These results support the hypothesis that the clinical context of URI may be an important risk factor in the onset of OM diagnosed at ED level. The study highlights the relevance of URI as a control variable to be included in the statistical analysis in association with meteorological factors and air pollutants. The study also points out to a moderate association of OM with low temperatures and NO
2
, with specific risk factors for this variable early in life. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings, particularly with respect to air pollutants in larger urban environments.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0020-7128</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1432-1254</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00484-017-1356-7</identifier><identifier>PMID: 28466414</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Age ; Air Pollutants - analysis ; Air pollution ; Air temperature ; Animal Physiology ; Antibiotics ; Atmospheric models ; Atmospheric pressure ; Biological and Medical Physics ; Biometeorology ; Biophysics ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Children ; Climate change ; Ear diseases ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Emergency medical services ; Emergency Service, Hospital - statistics & numerical data ; Environment ; Environmental Health ; Female ; Humans ; Humidity ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Italy - epidemiology ; Lag time ; Low temperature ; Male ; Meteorological parameters ; Meteorology ; Nitrogen dioxide ; Nitrogen Dioxide - analysis ; Observational studies ; Original Paper ; Otitis media ; Otitis Media - epidemiology ; Ozone ; Ozone - analysis ; Particulate matter ; Particulate Matter - analysis ; Plant Physiology ; Pollutants ; Regression analysis ; Respiration ; Respiratory Tract Infections - epidemiology ; Risk ; Risk analysis ; Risk factors ; Statistical analysis ; Statistics ; Temperature effects ; Urban environments ; Weather</subject><ispartof>International journal of biometeorology, 2017-10, Vol.61 (10), p.1749-1764</ispartof><rights>ISB 2017</rights><rights>International Journal of Biometeorology is a copyright of Springer, 2017.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c372t-6066df3df60fdf23cdb647c2162e4e1c690489ce6fcda6ef644194f50f96cf4f3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c372t-6066df3df60fdf23cdb647c2162e4e1c690489ce6fcda6ef644194f50f96cf4f3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00484-017-1356-7$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00484-017-1356-7$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28466414$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Gestro, Massimo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Condemi, Vincenzo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bardi, Luisella</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fantino, Claudio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Solimene, Umberto</creatorcontrib><title>Meteorological factors, air pollutants, and emergency department visits for otitis media: a time series study</title><title>International journal of biometeorology</title><addtitle>Int J Biometeorol</addtitle><addtitle>Int J Biometeorol</addtitle><description>Otitis media (OM) is a very common disease in children, which results in a significant economic burden to the healthcare system for hospital-based outpatient departments, emergency departments (EDs), unscheduled medical examinations, and antibiotic prescriptions. The aim of this retrospective observational study is to investigate the association between climate variables, air pollutants, and OM visits observed in the 2007–2010 period at the ED of Cuneo, Italy. Measures of meteorological parameters (temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind) and outdoor air pollutants (particulate matter, ozone, nitrous dioxide) were analyzed at two statistical stages and in several specific steps (crude and adjusted models) according to Poisson’s regression. Response variables included daily examinations for age groups 0–3, 0–6, and 0–18. Control variables included upper respiratory infections (URI), flu (FLU), and several calendar factors. A statistical procedure was implemented to capture any delayed effects. Results show a moderate association for temperature (
T
), age 0–3, and 0–6 with
P
< 0.05, as well as nitrous dioxide (NO
2
) with
P
< 0.005 at age 0–18. Results of subsequent models point out to URI as an important control variable. No statistical association was observed for other pollutants and meteorological variables. The dose–response models (DLNM—final stage) implemented separately on a daily and hourly basis point out to an association between temperature (daily model) and RR 1.44 at age 0–3, CI 1.11–1.88 (lag time 0–1 days) and RR 1.43, CI 1.05–1.94 (lag time 0–3 days). The hourly model confirms a specific dose–response effect for
T
with RR 1.20, CI 1.04–1.38 (lag time range from 0 to 11 to 0–15 h) and for NO
2
with RR 1.03, CI 1.01–1.05 (lag time range from 0 to 8 to 0–15 h). These results support the hypothesis that the clinical context of URI may be an important risk factor in the onset of OM diagnosed at ED level. The study highlights the relevance of URI as a control variable to be included in the statistical analysis in association with meteorological factors and air pollutants. The study also points out to a moderate association of OM with low temperatures and NO
2
, with specific risk factors for this variable early in life. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings, particularly with respect to air pollutants in larger urban environments.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Age</subject><subject>Air Pollutants - analysis</subject><subject>Air pollution</subject><subject>Air temperature</subject><subject>Animal Physiology</subject><subject>Antibiotics</subject><subject>Atmospheric models</subject><subject>Atmospheric pressure</subject><subject>Biological and Medical Physics</subject><subject>Biometeorology</subject><subject>Biophysics</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child, Preschool</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Climate change</subject><subject>Ear diseases</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Emergency medical services</subject><subject>Emergency Service, Hospital - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental Health</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Humidity</subject><subject>Infant</subject><subject>Infant, Newborn</subject><subject>Italy - epidemiology</subject><subject>Lag time</subject><subject>Low temperature</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Meteorological parameters</subject><subject>Meteorology</subject><subject>Nitrogen dioxide</subject><subject>Nitrogen Dioxide - analysis</subject><subject>Observational studies</subject><subject>Original Paper</subject><subject>Otitis media</subject><subject>Otitis Media - epidemiology</subject><subject>Ozone</subject><subject>Ozone - analysis</subject><subject>Particulate matter</subject><subject>Particulate Matter - analysis</subject><subject>Plant Physiology</subject><subject>Pollutants</subject><subject>Regression analysis</subject><subject>Respiration</subject><subject>Respiratory Tract Infections - epidemiology</subject><subject>Risk</subject><subject>Risk analysis</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><subject>Statistical analysis</subject><subject>Statistics</subject><subject>Temperature effects</subject><subject>Urban environments</subject><subject>Weather</subject><issn>0020-7128</issn><issn>1432-1254</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2017</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kU-LFDEQxYMo7rj6AbxIwIsHW5N0urrjbVn8Byte9ByySWXI0t0ZU2lhvr0ZZhURPBWhfu8leY-x51K8kUKMb0kIPelOyLGT_QDd-IDtpO5VJ9WgH7KdEEp0o1TTBXtCdCeaZoLxMbtQkwbQUu_Y8gUr5pLnvE_ezTw6X3Oh19ylwg95nrfq1no6r4HjgmWPqz_ygAdX6oJr5T8TpUo85sJzTTURXzAk9447XtOCnLAkJE51C8en7FF0M-Gz-3nJvn94_-36U3fz9ePn66ubzvejqh0IgBD7EEHEEFXvwy3o0SsJCjVKD6b923iE6IMDjKC1NDoOIhrwUcf-kr06-x5K_rEhVbsk8jjPbsW8kZWT0UYOPUBDX_6D3uWtrO11VppBDsJMZmqUPFO-ZKKC0R5KWlw5WinsqQt77sK2LuypCzs2zYt75-22RfJH8Tv8BqgzQG217rH8dfV_XX8BEJyVfQ</recordid><startdate>20171001</startdate><enddate>20171001</enddate><creator>Gestro, Massimo</creator><creator>Condemi, Vincenzo</creator><creator>Bardi, Luisella</creator><creator>Fantino, Claudio</creator><creator>Solimene, Umberto</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QH</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88F</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M1Q</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20171001</creationdate><title>Meteorological factors, air pollutants, and emergency department visits for otitis media: a time series study</title><author>Gestro, Massimo ; Condemi, Vincenzo ; Bardi, Luisella ; Fantino, Claudio ; Solimene, Umberto</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c372t-6066df3df60fdf23cdb647c2162e4e1c690489ce6fcda6ef644194f50f96cf4f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2017</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Age</topic><topic>Air Pollutants - analysis</topic><topic>Air pollution</topic><topic>Air temperature</topic><topic>Animal Physiology</topic><topic>Antibiotics</topic><topic>Atmospheric models</topic><topic>Atmospheric pressure</topic><topic>Biological and Medical Physics</topic><topic>Biometeorology</topic><topic>Biophysics</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Child, Preschool</topic><topic>Children</topic><topic>Climate change</topic><topic>Ear diseases</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Emergency medical services</topic><topic>Emergency Service, Hospital - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Environmental Health</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Humidity</topic><topic>Infant</topic><topic>Infant, Newborn</topic><topic>Italy - epidemiology</topic><topic>Lag time</topic><topic>Low temperature</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Meteorological parameters</topic><topic>Meteorology</topic><topic>Nitrogen dioxide</topic><topic>Nitrogen Dioxide - analysis</topic><topic>Observational studies</topic><topic>Original Paper</topic><topic>Otitis media</topic><topic>Otitis Media - epidemiology</topic><topic>Ozone</topic><topic>Ozone - analysis</topic><topic>Particulate matter</topic><topic>Particulate Matter - analysis</topic><topic>Plant Physiology</topic><topic>Pollutants</topic><topic>Regression analysis</topic><topic>Respiration</topic><topic>Respiratory Tract Infections - epidemiology</topic><topic>Risk</topic><topic>Risk analysis</topic><topic>Risk factors</topic><topic>Statistical analysis</topic><topic>Statistics</topic><topic>Temperature effects</topic><topic>Urban environments</topic><topic>Weather</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Gestro, Massimo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Condemi, Vincenzo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bardi, Luisella</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fantino, Claudio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Solimene, Umberto</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Aqualine</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Military Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Military Database</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>International journal of biometeorology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Gestro, Massimo</au><au>Condemi, Vincenzo</au><au>Bardi, Luisella</au><au>Fantino, Claudio</au><au>Solimene, Umberto</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Meteorological factors, air pollutants, and emergency department visits for otitis media: a time series study</atitle><jtitle>International journal of biometeorology</jtitle><stitle>Int J Biometeorol</stitle><addtitle>Int J Biometeorol</addtitle><date>2017-10-01</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>61</volume><issue>10</issue><spage>1749</spage><epage>1764</epage><pages>1749-1764</pages><issn>0020-7128</issn><eissn>1432-1254</eissn><abstract>Otitis media (OM) is a very common disease in children, which results in a significant economic burden to the healthcare system for hospital-based outpatient departments, emergency departments (EDs), unscheduled medical examinations, and antibiotic prescriptions. The aim of this retrospective observational study is to investigate the association between climate variables, air pollutants, and OM visits observed in the 2007–2010 period at the ED of Cuneo, Italy. Measures of meteorological parameters (temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind) and outdoor air pollutants (particulate matter, ozone, nitrous dioxide) were analyzed at two statistical stages and in several specific steps (crude and adjusted models) according to Poisson’s regression. Response variables included daily examinations for age groups 0–3, 0–6, and 0–18. Control variables included upper respiratory infections (URI), flu (FLU), and several calendar factors. A statistical procedure was implemented to capture any delayed effects. Results show a moderate association for temperature (
T
), age 0–3, and 0–6 with
P
< 0.05, as well as nitrous dioxide (NO
2
) with
P
< 0.005 at age 0–18. Results of subsequent models point out to URI as an important control variable. No statistical association was observed for other pollutants and meteorological variables. The dose–response models (DLNM—final stage) implemented separately on a daily and hourly basis point out to an association between temperature (daily model) and RR 1.44 at age 0–3, CI 1.11–1.88 (lag time 0–1 days) and RR 1.43, CI 1.05–1.94 (lag time 0–3 days). The hourly model confirms a specific dose–response effect for
T
with RR 1.20, CI 1.04–1.38 (lag time range from 0 to 11 to 0–15 h) and for NO
2
with RR 1.03, CI 1.01–1.05 (lag time range from 0 to 8 to 0–15 h). These results support the hypothesis that the clinical context of URI may be an important risk factor in the onset of OM diagnosed at ED level. The study highlights the relevance of URI as a control variable to be included in the statistical analysis in association with meteorological factors and air pollutants. The study also points out to a moderate association of OM with low temperatures and NO
2
, with specific risk factors for this variable early in life. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings, particularly with respect to air pollutants in larger urban environments.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><pmid>28466414</pmid><doi>10.1007/s00484-017-1356-7</doi><tpages>16</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adolescent Age Air Pollutants - analysis Air pollution Air temperature Animal Physiology Antibiotics Atmospheric models Atmospheric pressure Biological and Medical Physics Biometeorology Biophysics Child Child, Preschool Children Climate change Ear diseases Earth and Environmental Science Emergency medical services Emergency Service, Hospital - statistics & numerical data Environment Environmental Health Female Humans Humidity Infant Infant, Newborn Italy - epidemiology Lag time Low temperature Male Meteorological parameters Meteorology Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide - analysis Observational studies Original Paper Otitis media Otitis Media - epidemiology Ozone Ozone - analysis Particulate matter Particulate Matter - analysis Plant Physiology Pollutants Regression analysis Respiration Respiratory Tract Infections - epidemiology Risk Risk analysis Risk factors Statistical analysis Statistics Temperature effects Urban environments Weather |
| title | Meteorological factors, air pollutants, and emergency department visits for otitis media: a time series study |
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