Amperometric L-lysine enzyme electrodes based on carbon nanotube/redox polymer and graphene/carbon nanotube/redox polymer composites
Highly sensitive L-lysine enzyme electrodes were constructed by using poly(vinylferrocene)-multiwalled carbon nanotubes-gelatine (PVF/MWCNTs-GEL) and poly(vinylferrocene)-multiwalled carbon nanotubes-gelatine-graphene (PVF/MWCNTs-GEL/GR) composites as sensing interfaces and their performances were e...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 2017-04, Vol.409 (11), p.2873-2883 |
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| creator | Kaçar, Ceren Erden, Pınar Esra Kılıç, Esma |
| description | Highly sensitive L-lysine enzyme electrodes were constructed by using poly(vinylferrocene)-multiwalled carbon nanotubes-gelatine (PVF/MWCNTs-GEL) and poly(vinylferrocene)-multiwalled carbon nanotubes-gelatine-graphene (PVF/MWCNTs-GEL/GR) composites as sensing interfaces and their performances were evaluated. Lysine oxidase (LO) was immobilized onto the composite modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) by crosslinking using glutaraldehyde and bovine serum albumin. Effects of pH value, enzyme loading, applied potential, electrode composition, and interfering substances on the amperometric response of the enzyme electrodes were discussed. The analytical characteristics of the enzyme electrodes were also investigated. The linear range, detection limit, and sensitivity of the LO/PVF/MWCNTs-GEL/GCE were 9.9 × 10
−7
–7.0 × 10
−4
M, 1.8 × 10
−7
M (
S
/
N
= 3), and 13.51 μA mM
−1
cm
−2
, respectively. PVF/MWCNTs-GEL/GR-based L-lysine enzyme electrode showed a short response time ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00216-017-0232-y |
| format | Article |
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−7
–7.0 × 10
−4
M, 1.8 × 10
−7
M (
S
/
N
= 3), and 13.51 μA mM
−1
cm
−2
, respectively. PVF/MWCNTs-GEL/GR-based L-lysine enzyme electrode showed a short response time (<5 s) and a linear detection range from 9.9 × 10
−7
to 7.0 × 10
−4
M with good sensitivity of 17.8 μA mM
−1
cm
−2
and a low detection limit of 9.2 × 10
−8
M. The PVF/MWCNTs-GEL/GR composite-based L-lysine enzyme electrode exhibited about 1.3-fold higher sensitivity than its MWCNTs-based counterpart and its detection limit was superior to the MWCNTs-based one. In addition, enzyme electrodes were successfully applied to determine L-lysine in pharmaceutical sample and cheese.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1618-2642</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1618-2650</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0232-y</identifier><identifier>PMID: 28188350</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Amino Acid Oxidoreductases - chemistry ; Amperometry ; Analytical Chemistry ; Biochemistry ; Biosensing Techniques - instrumentation ; Bovine serum albumin ; Carbon ; Carbon nanotubes ; Characterization and Evaluation of Materials ; Cheese ; Cheese - analysis ; Chemical properties ; Chemistry ; Chemistry and Materials Science ; Chemistry Techniques, Analytical - instrumentation ; Chemistry Techniques, Analytical - methods ; Conductometry - instrumentation ; Crosslinking ; Electric properties ; Electrical measurement ; Electrodes ; Enzyme electrodes ; Enzymes ; Enzymes, Immobilized - chemistry ; Equipment Design ; Equipment Failure Analysis ; Ferrous Compounds - chemistry ; Food Science ; Glassy carbon ; Glutaraldehyde ; Graphene ; Graphite - chemistry ; Interfaces ; Laboratory Medicine ; Lysine ; Lysine - analysis ; Lysine - chemistry ; Mathematical analysis ; Monitoring/Environmental Analysis ; Multi wall carbon nanotubes ; Nanocomposites - chemistry ; Nanocomposites - ultrastructure ; Nanostructure ; Nanotechnology ; Nanotubes ; Nanotubes, Carbon - chemistry ; Nanotubes, Carbon - ultrastructure ; Oxidation-Reduction ; pH effects ; Pharmaceutical Preparations - chemistry ; Polymer matrix composites ; Polymers ; Polyvinyl fluorides ; Polyvinylferrocene ; Polyvinyls - chemistry ; Reproducibility of Results ; Research Paper ; Response time ; Sensitivity ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Serum albumin ; Thermal properties</subject><ispartof>Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 2017-04, Vol.409 (11), p.2873-2883</ispartof><rights>Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2017</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2017 Springer</rights><rights>Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry is a copyright of Springer, (2017). All Rights Reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c542t-d70594929926caf936dec963d3d7014a4b42bd2dc68534beb29fd774666ff3723</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c542t-d70594929926caf936dec963d3d7014a4b42bd2dc68534beb29fd774666ff3723</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00216-017-0232-y$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00216-017-0232-y$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>315,781,785,27929,27930,41493,42562,51324</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28188350$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Kaçar, Ceren</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Erden, Pınar Esra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kılıç, Esma</creatorcontrib><title>Amperometric L-lysine enzyme electrodes based on carbon nanotube/redox polymer and graphene/carbon nanotube/redox polymer composites</title><title>Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry</title><addtitle>Anal Bioanal Chem</addtitle><addtitle>Anal Bioanal Chem</addtitle><description>Highly sensitive L-lysine enzyme electrodes were constructed by using poly(vinylferrocene)-multiwalled carbon nanotubes-gelatine (PVF/MWCNTs-GEL) and poly(vinylferrocene)-multiwalled carbon nanotubes-gelatine-graphene (PVF/MWCNTs-GEL/GR) composites as sensing interfaces and their performances were evaluated. Lysine oxidase (LO) was immobilized onto the composite modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) by crosslinking using glutaraldehyde and bovine serum albumin. Effects of pH value, enzyme loading, applied potential, electrode composition, and interfering substances on the amperometric response of the enzyme electrodes were discussed. The analytical characteristics of the enzyme electrodes were also investigated. The linear range, detection limit, and sensitivity of the LO/PVF/MWCNTs-GEL/GCE were 9.9 × 10
−7
–7.0 × 10
−4
M, 1.8 × 10
−7
M (
S
/
N
= 3), and 13.51 μA mM
−1
cm
−2
, respectively. PVF/MWCNTs-GEL/GR-based L-lysine enzyme electrode showed a short response time (<5 s) and a linear detection range from 9.9 × 10
−7
to 7.0 × 10
−4
M with good sensitivity of 17.8 μA mM
−1
cm
−2
and a low detection limit of 9.2 × 10
−8
M. The PVF/MWCNTs-GEL/GR composite-based L-lysine enzyme electrode exhibited about 1.3-fold higher sensitivity than its MWCNTs-based counterpart and its detection limit was superior to the MWCNTs-based one. In addition, enzyme electrodes were successfully applied to determine L-lysine in pharmaceutical sample and cheese.</description><subject>Amino Acid Oxidoreductases - chemistry</subject><subject>Amperometry</subject><subject>Analytical Chemistry</subject><subject>Biochemistry</subject><subject>Biosensing Techniques - instrumentation</subject><subject>Bovine serum albumin</subject><subject>Carbon</subject><subject>Carbon nanotubes</subject><subject>Characterization and Evaluation of Materials</subject><subject>Cheese</subject><subject>Cheese - analysis</subject><subject>Chemical properties</subject><subject>Chemistry</subject><subject>Chemistry and Materials Science</subject><subject>Chemistry Techniques, Analytical - instrumentation</subject><subject>Chemistry Techniques, Analytical - methods</subject><subject>Conductometry - instrumentation</subject><subject>Crosslinking</subject><subject>Electric properties</subject><subject>Electrical measurement</subject><subject>Electrodes</subject><subject>Enzyme electrodes</subject><subject>Enzymes</subject><subject>Enzymes, Immobilized - chemistry</subject><subject>Equipment Design</subject><subject>Equipment Failure Analysis</subject><subject>Ferrous Compounds - chemistry</subject><subject>Food Science</subject><subject>Glassy carbon</subject><subject>Glutaraldehyde</subject><subject>Graphene</subject><subject>Graphite - chemistry</subject><subject>Interfaces</subject><subject>Laboratory Medicine</subject><subject>Lysine</subject><subject>Lysine - analysis</subject><subject>Lysine - chemistry</subject><subject>Mathematical analysis</subject><subject>Monitoring/Environmental Analysis</subject><subject>Multi wall carbon nanotubes</subject><subject>Nanocomposites - chemistry</subject><subject>Nanocomposites - ultrastructure</subject><subject>Nanostructure</subject><subject>Nanotechnology</subject><subject>Nanotubes</subject><subject>Nanotubes, Carbon - chemistry</subject><subject>Nanotubes, Carbon - ultrastructure</subject><subject>Oxidation-Reduction</subject><subject>pH effects</subject><subject>Pharmaceutical Preparations - chemistry</subject><subject>Polymer matrix composites</subject><subject>Polymers</subject><subject>Polyvinyl fluorides</subject><subject>Polyvinylferrocene</subject><subject>Polyvinyls - chemistry</subject><subject>Reproducibility of Results</subject><subject>Research Paper</subject><subject>Response time</subject><subject>Sensitivity</subject><subject>Sensitivity and Specificity</subject><subject>Serum albumin</subject><subject>Thermal properties</subject><issn>1618-2642</issn><issn>1618-2650</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2017</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkktv1DAUhS0EoqXwA9igSGzYpON37OWoAoo0Epuythz7ZkiV2MFOJNI1PxyPpi0PQVV5cS3f7xz7Wgeh1wSfE4ybTcaYEllj0tSYMlqvT9ApkUTVVAr89H7P6Ql6kfM1xkQoIp-jE6qIUkzgU_RjO06Q4ghz6l21q4c19wEqCDfrWMoAbk7RQ65am8FXMVTOpraUYEOclxY2CXz8Xk1xKIJU2eCrfbLTVwiweRh1cZxi7mfIL9Gzzg4ZXt3WM_Tlw_uri8t69_njp4vtrnaC07n2DRaaa6o1lc52mkkPTkvmWekQbnnLaeupd1IJxltoqe5803ApZdexhrIz9O7oO6X4bYE8m7HPDobBBohLNkRppsvHav4IVCktiRaPcZWNYEpxUtC3f6HXcUmhzGyIbggtlpL9ovZ2ANOHLs7JuoOp2QqBD3dqXKjzf1BleRh7FwN0fTn_Q0COApdizgk6M6V-tGk1BJtDnswxT6bkyRzyZNaieXP74KUdwd8r7gJUAHoEcmmFPaTfJvqv60_m9dV8</recordid><startdate>20170401</startdate><enddate>20170401</enddate><creator>Kaçar, Ceren</creator><creator>Erden, Pınar Esra</creator><creator>Kılıç, Esma</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QF</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7QQ</scope><scope>7SC</scope><scope>7SE</scope><scope>7SP</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>7TA</scope><scope>7TB</scope><scope>7U5</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8BQ</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F28</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>H8G</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>JQ2</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KR7</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>L~C</scope><scope>L~D</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20170401</creationdate><title>Amperometric L-lysine enzyme electrodes based on carbon nanotube/redox polymer and graphene/carbon nanotube/redox polymer composites</title><author>Kaçar, Ceren ; Erden, Pınar Esra ; Kılıç, Esma</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c542t-d70594929926caf936dec963d3d7014a4b42bd2dc68534beb29fd774666ff3723</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2017</creationdate><topic>Amino Acid Oxidoreductases - chemistry</topic><topic>Amperometry</topic><topic>Analytical Chemistry</topic><topic>Biochemistry</topic><topic>Biosensing Techniques - instrumentation</topic><topic>Bovine serum albumin</topic><topic>Carbon</topic><topic>Carbon nanotubes</topic><topic>Characterization and Evaluation of Materials</topic><topic>Cheese</topic><topic>Cheese - analysis</topic><topic>Chemical properties</topic><topic>Chemistry</topic><topic>Chemistry and Materials Science</topic><topic>Chemistry Techniques, Analytical - instrumentation</topic><topic>Chemistry Techniques, Analytical - methods</topic><topic>Conductometry - instrumentation</topic><topic>Crosslinking</topic><topic>Electric properties</topic><topic>Electrical measurement</topic><topic>Electrodes</topic><topic>Enzyme electrodes</topic><topic>Enzymes</topic><topic>Enzymes, Immobilized - chemistry</topic><topic>Equipment Design</topic><topic>Equipment Failure Analysis</topic><topic>Ferrous Compounds - chemistry</topic><topic>Food Science</topic><topic>Glassy carbon</topic><topic>Glutaraldehyde</topic><topic>Graphene</topic><topic>Graphite - chemistry</topic><topic>Interfaces</topic><topic>Laboratory Medicine</topic><topic>Lysine</topic><topic>Lysine - analysis</topic><topic>Lysine - chemistry</topic><topic>Mathematical analysis</topic><topic>Monitoring/Environmental Analysis</topic><topic>Multi wall carbon nanotubes</topic><topic>Nanocomposites - chemistry</topic><topic>Nanocomposites - ultrastructure</topic><topic>Nanostructure</topic><topic>Nanotechnology</topic><topic>Nanotubes</topic><topic>Nanotubes, Carbon - chemistry</topic><topic>Nanotubes, Carbon - ultrastructure</topic><topic>Oxidation-Reduction</topic><topic>pH effects</topic><topic>Pharmaceutical Preparations - chemistry</topic><topic>Polymer matrix composites</topic><topic>Polymers</topic><topic>Polyvinyl fluorides</topic><topic>Polyvinylferrocene</topic><topic>Polyvinyls - chemistry</topic><topic>Reproducibility of Results</topic><topic>Research Paper</topic><topic>Response time</topic><topic>Sensitivity</topic><topic>Sensitivity and Specificity</topic><topic>Serum albumin</topic><topic>Thermal properties</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Kaçar, Ceren</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Erden, Pınar Esra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kılıç, Esma</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Aluminium Industry Abstracts</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Ceramic Abstracts</collection><collection>Computer and Information Systems Abstracts</collection><collection>Corrosion Abstracts</collection><collection>Electronics & Communications Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineered Materials Abstracts</collection><collection>Materials Business File</collection><collection>Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Solid State and Superconductivity Abstracts</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>METADEX</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ANTE: Abstracts in New Technology & Engineering</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Copper Technical Reference Library</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Computer Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Academic</collection><collection>Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Professional</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Kaçar, Ceren</au><au>Erden, Pınar Esra</au><au>Kılıç, Esma</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Amperometric L-lysine enzyme electrodes based on carbon nanotube/redox polymer and graphene/carbon nanotube/redox polymer composites</atitle><jtitle>Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry</jtitle><stitle>Anal Bioanal Chem</stitle><addtitle>Anal Bioanal Chem</addtitle><date>2017-04-01</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>409</volume><issue>11</issue><spage>2873</spage><epage>2883</epage><pages>2873-2883</pages><issn>1618-2642</issn><eissn>1618-2650</eissn><abstract>Highly sensitive L-lysine enzyme electrodes were constructed by using poly(vinylferrocene)-multiwalled carbon nanotubes-gelatine (PVF/MWCNTs-GEL) and poly(vinylferrocene)-multiwalled carbon nanotubes-gelatine-graphene (PVF/MWCNTs-GEL/GR) composites as sensing interfaces and their performances were evaluated. Lysine oxidase (LO) was immobilized onto the composite modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) by crosslinking using glutaraldehyde and bovine serum albumin. Effects of pH value, enzyme loading, applied potential, electrode composition, and interfering substances on the amperometric response of the enzyme electrodes were discussed. The analytical characteristics of the enzyme electrodes were also investigated. The linear range, detection limit, and sensitivity of the LO/PVF/MWCNTs-GEL/GCE were 9.9 × 10
−7
–7.0 × 10
−4
M, 1.8 × 10
−7
M (
S
/
N
= 3), and 13.51 μA mM
−1
cm
−2
, respectively. PVF/MWCNTs-GEL/GR-based L-lysine enzyme electrode showed a short response time (<5 s) and a linear detection range from 9.9 × 10
−7
to 7.0 × 10
−4
M with good sensitivity of 17.8 μA mM
−1
cm
−2
and a low detection limit of 9.2 × 10
−8
M. The PVF/MWCNTs-GEL/GR composite-based L-lysine enzyme electrode exhibited about 1.3-fold higher sensitivity than its MWCNTs-based counterpart and its detection limit was superior to the MWCNTs-based one. In addition, enzyme electrodes were successfully applied to determine L-lysine in pharmaceutical sample and cheese.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><pmid>28188350</pmid><doi>10.1007/s00216-017-0232-y</doi><tpages>11</tpages></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 2017-04, Vol.409 (11), p.2873-2883 |
| issn | 1618-2642 1618-2650 |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; Springer Online Journals Complete |
| subjects | Amino Acid Oxidoreductases - chemistry Amperometry Analytical Chemistry Biochemistry Biosensing Techniques - instrumentation Bovine serum albumin Carbon Carbon nanotubes Characterization and Evaluation of Materials Cheese Cheese - analysis Chemical properties Chemistry Chemistry and Materials Science Chemistry Techniques, Analytical - instrumentation Chemistry Techniques, Analytical - methods Conductometry - instrumentation Crosslinking Electric properties Electrical measurement Electrodes Enzyme electrodes Enzymes Enzymes, Immobilized - chemistry Equipment Design Equipment Failure Analysis Ferrous Compounds - chemistry Food Science Glassy carbon Glutaraldehyde Graphene Graphite - chemistry Interfaces Laboratory Medicine Lysine Lysine - analysis Lysine - chemistry Mathematical analysis Monitoring/Environmental Analysis Multi wall carbon nanotubes Nanocomposites - chemistry Nanocomposites - ultrastructure Nanostructure Nanotechnology Nanotubes Nanotubes, Carbon - chemistry Nanotubes, Carbon - ultrastructure Oxidation-Reduction pH effects Pharmaceutical Preparations - chemistry Polymer matrix composites Polymers Polyvinyl fluorides Polyvinylferrocene Polyvinyls - chemistry Reproducibility of Results Research Paper Response time Sensitivity Sensitivity and Specificity Serum albumin Thermal properties |
| title | Amperometric L-lysine enzyme electrodes based on carbon nanotube/redox polymer and graphene/carbon nanotube/redox polymer composites |
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