Low‐frequency variability and trends in centennial precipitation stations in southern South America

ABSTRACT Southern South America (SSA), considered as the continental region south of 20°S, has experienced significant precipitation variability and trends in the last decades. This article uses monthly quality‐controlled precipitation data from rainfall stations with continuous observations during at least 100 years to quantify long‐term trends as well as interannual‐to‐centennial variability. Several statistical methods are applied to the data, primarily to detect jumps and look for changes due to relocation of the gauge stations, as well as to identify significant trends. Most of the regions have registered an increase in annual rainfall, largely attributable to changes in the warm season. On the other hand, during winter most stations in Argentina and Brazil do not have significant trends, although eastern Patagonia registered an increase in precipitation and Chile, a marked decrease in rainfall. In order to look into the physical mechanisms behind the observed variability, the changes in mean sea level pressure and precipitable water are quantified for different sub‐periods. Also explored is the variability related to the Hadley cell width and strength over the region around SSA. Results show that the Hadley cell has shrunk and shifted towards the equator in winter over the area, which has caused an enhancement of the sinking motion over much of Argentina, Chile and Brazil, while likely increasing the baroclinicity (and associated precipitation) over Patagonia. In summer, the strength of the subsidence decreased and this was associated with an increase of the low‐level moisture advection, favouring more rainfall. The observational evidence presented here suggests that the zonal asymmetry in the change of the Hadley cell position over SSA could be linked to the presence of the Andes Cordillera.