Decreased losses of woody plant foliage to insects in large urban areas are explained by bird predation

Despite the increasing rate of urbanization, the consequences of this process on biotic interactions remain insufficiently studied. Our aims were to identify the general pattern of urbanization impact on background insect herbivory, to explore variations in this impact related to characteristics of...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Global change biology 2017-10, Vol.23 (10), p.4354-4364
Hauptverfasser:	Kozlov, Mikhail V., Lanta, Vojtěch, Zverev, Vitali, Rainio, Kalle, Kunavin, Mikhail A., Zvereva, Elena L.
Format:	Artikel
Sprache:	eng
Schlagworte:	Animals ant predation background insect herbivory bird predation Birds Canker Cities Foliage Forces (mechanics) Gall Habitats Herbivory host plant quality Impact damage Insecta Insects Interactions Interspecific relationships Larva Larvae leafminers Mortality Parasitoids Plant Leaves Plant species Plasticine Predation Predators Predatory Behavior Temperature effects Towns Trees tritrophic interactions Urban areas urban ecology Urbanization Woody plants
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