Prevalence and genotypes of GBV‐C and its associations with HIV infection among persons who inject drugs in Eastern Europe
We aimed to determine the rate of GBV‐C viremia, seropositivity, and genotypes among people who inject drugs (PWID) and healthy volunteers in Estonia and to evaluate associations between GBV‐C and sociodemographic factors, intravenous drug use, co‐infections. The study included 345 Caucasian PWID an...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of medical virology 2017-04, Vol.89 (4), p.632-638 |
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| creator | Jõgeda, Ene‐Ly Huik, Kristi Pauskar, Merit Kallas, Eveli Karki, Tõnis Des Jarlais, Don Uusküla, Anneli Lutsar, Irja Avi, Radko |
| description | We aimed to determine the rate of GBV‐C viremia, seropositivity, and genotypes among people who inject drugs (PWID) and healthy volunteers in Estonia and to evaluate associations between GBV‐C and sociodemographic factors, intravenous drug use, co‐infections. The study included 345 Caucasian PWID and 118 healthy volunteers. The presence of GBV‐C RNA (viremia) was determined by reverse transcriptase‐nested PCR in 5′ long terminal repeat. PCR products were sequenced and genotyped by phylogenetic analysis. GBV‐C seropositivity was determined by ELISA. One third of PWID (114/345) and 6% (7/118) of healthy volunteers (OR = 7.8, 95% CI = 3.5–20.5, P |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/jmv.24683 |
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The study included 345 Caucasian PWID and 118 healthy volunteers. The presence of GBV‐C RNA (viremia) was determined by reverse transcriptase‐nested PCR in 5′ long terminal repeat. PCR products were sequenced and genotyped by phylogenetic analysis. GBV‐C seropositivity was determined by ELISA. One third of PWID (114/345) and 6% (7/118) of healthy volunteers (OR = 7.8, 95% CI = 3.5–20.5, P < 0.001) were GBV‐C viremic. In PWID group, 79% of sequences belonged to subtype 2a, 19% to subtype 2b, and two remained unclassified. In healthy volunteers, six out of seven sequences belonged to subtype 2a and one to subtype 2b. We found HIV+ PWID to have two times increased odds of being GBV‐C viremic compared to HIV− PWID (62% vs. 38%; OR = 2.13, 95% CI = 1.34–3.36, P = 0.001). In addition, odds of being GBV‐C viremic decreased with increasing age (OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.90–0.98, P = 0.001). HIV positivity remained associated with GBV‐C viremia in multivariate analysis after adjustment for age (OR = 2.23, 95% CI = 1.39–3.58, P = 0.001). GBV‐C seropositivity was similar among PWID and healthy volunteers (2.3% vs. 1.7%, respectively; OR = 1.4, 95% CI =0.3–13.5, P = 1). In an Eastern European country we demonstrated that GBV‐C viremia is common among PWID, but uncommon among healthy volunteers, and GBV‐C seropositivity is infrequent among both groups. Similarly to other European countries and USA, GBV‐C 2a is the most common genotype in Estonia. J. Med. Virol. 89:632–638, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0146-6615</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1096-9071</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24683</identifier><identifier>PMID: 27603233</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</publisher><subject>Adult ; Antibodies, Viral - blood ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Drug use ; Epidemiology ; Europe, Eastern - epidemiology ; Female ; Flaviviridae Infections - epidemiology ; Flaviviridae Infections - virology ; GB virus C - classification ; GB virus C - genetics ; GB virus C - isolation & purification ; Genotype ; Genotype & phenotype ; Hepatitis, Viral, Human - epidemiology ; Hepatitis, Viral, Human - virology ; HGV ; HIV ; HIV Infections - complications ; Human immunodeficiency virus ; Humans ; IDU ; Lentivirus ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prevalence ; Retroviridae ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Viral - blood ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; seropositivity ; Sociodemographics ; Substance Abuse, Intravenous - complications ; viremia ; Viremia - diagnosis ; Virology</subject><ispartof>Journal of medical virology, 2017-04, Vol.89 (4), p.632-638</ispartof><rights>2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</rights><rights>2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3863-6419bdba3e3425b9d5431dd83ab43a75c898b2a6e0556a0a3f5228fd818a57a43</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3863-6419bdba3e3425b9d5431dd83ab43a75c898b2a6e0556a0a3f5228fd818a57a43</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002%2Fjmv.24683$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002%2Fjmv.24683$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,1411,27901,27902,45550,45551</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27603233$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Jõgeda, Ene‐Ly</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huik, Kristi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pauskar, Merit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kallas, Eveli</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Karki, Tõnis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Des Jarlais, Don</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Uusküla, Anneli</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lutsar, Irja</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Avi, Radko</creatorcontrib><title>Prevalence and genotypes of GBV‐C and its associations with HIV infection among persons who inject drugs in Eastern Europe</title><title>Journal of medical virology</title><addtitle>J Med Virol</addtitle><description>We aimed to determine the rate of GBV‐C viremia, seropositivity, and genotypes among people who inject drugs (PWID) and healthy volunteers in Estonia and to evaluate associations between GBV‐C and sociodemographic factors, intravenous drug use, co‐infections. The study included 345 Caucasian PWID and 118 healthy volunteers. The presence of GBV‐C RNA (viremia) was determined by reverse transcriptase‐nested PCR in 5′ long terminal repeat. PCR products were sequenced and genotyped by phylogenetic analysis. GBV‐C seropositivity was determined by ELISA. One third of PWID (114/345) and 6% (7/118) of healthy volunteers (OR = 7.8, 95% CI = 3.5–20.5, P < 0.001) were GBV‐C viremic. In PWID group, 79% of sequences belonged to subtype 2a, 19% to subtype 2b, and two remained unclassified. In healthy volunteers, six out of seven sequences belonged to subtype 2a and one to subtype 2b. We found HIV+ PWID to have two times increased odds of being GBV‐C viremic compared to HIV− PWID (62% vs. 38%; OR = 2.13, 95% CI = 1.34–3.36, P = 0.001). In addition, odds of being GBV‐C viremic decreased with increasing age (OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.90–0.98, P = 0.001). HIV positivity remained associated with GBV‐C viremia in multivariate analysis after adjustment for age (OR = 2.23, 95% CI = 1.39–3.58, P = 0.001). GBV‐C seropositivity was similar among PWID and healthy volunteers (2.3% vs. 1.7%, respectively; OR = 1.4, 95% CI =0.3–13.5, P = 1). In an Eastern European country we demonstrated that GBV‐C viremia is common among PWID, but uncommon among healthy volunteers, and GBV‐C seropositivity is infrequent among both groups. Similarly to other European countries and USA, GBV‐C 2a is the most common genotype in Estonia. J. Med. Virol. 89:632–638, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Antibodies, Viral - blood</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Drug use</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Europe, Eastern - epidemiology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Flaviviridae Infections - epidemiology</subject><subject>Flaviviridae Infections - virology</subject><subject>GB virus C - classification</subject><subject>GB virus C - genetics</subject><subject>GB virus C - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Genotype</subject><subject>Genotype & phenotype</subject><subject>Hepatitis, Viral, Human - epidemiology</subject><subject>Hepatitis, Viral, Human - virology</subject><subject>HGV</subject><subject>HIV</subject><subject>HIV Infections - complications</subject><subject>Human immunodeficiency virus</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>IDU</subject><subject>Lentivirus</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Phylogeny</subject><subject>Polymerase Chain Reaction</subject><subject>Prevalence</subject><subject>Retroviridae</subject><subject>Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction</subject><subject>RNA, Viral - blood</subject><subject>Sequence Analysis, DNA</subject><subject>seropositivity</subject><subject>Sociodemographics</subject><subject>Substance Abuse, Intravenous - complications</subject><subject>viremia</subject><subject>Viremia - diagnosis</subject><subject>Virology</subject><issn>0146-6615</issn><issn>1096-9071</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2017</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqN0c1O3DAUBWALtYIpZcELVJa6oYvA9W-cZRlRoALRRTvbyEluhoySOLUT0Ehd9BH6jH2SemagC6RKXV3Z99OR7EPIMYNTBsDPVt3DKZfaiD0yY5DpJIOUvSIzYFInWjN1QN6EsAIAk3G-Tw54qkFwIWbkxxePD7bFvkRq-4ousXfjesBAXU0vzxe_f_6abxfNGKgNwZWNHRvXB_rYjPf06npBm77GcnNHbef6JR3Qhy24d3G3ijta-WkZ4oFe2DCij3PybsC35HVt24BHT_OQfPt08XV-ldzcXV7PP94kpTBaJFqyrKgKK1BIroqsUlKwqjLCFlLYVJUmMwW3GkEpbcGKWnFu6sowY1VqpTgkJ7vcwbvvE4Yx75pQYtvaHt0Ucmbi30nOOPwHVVkqgQkV6fsXdOUm38eHbAIjAQ4mqg87VXoXgsc6H3zTWb_OGeSb9vLYXr5tL9p3T4lT0WH1Vz7XFcHZDjw2La7_nZR_vl3sIv8AQUKjxg</recordid><startdate>201704</startdate><enddate>201704</enddate><creator>Jõgeda, Ene‐Ly</creator><creator>Huik, Kristi</creator><creator>Pauskar, Merit</creator><creator>Kallas, Eveli</creator><creator>Karki, Tõnis</creator><creator>Des Jarlais, Don</creator><creator>Uusküla, Anneli</creator><creator>Lutsar, Irja</creator><creator>Avi, Radko</creator><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201704</creationdate><title>Prevalence and genotypes of GBV‐C and its associations with HIV infection among persons who inject drugs in Eastern Europe</title><author>Jõgeda, Ene‐Ly ; 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The study included 345 Caucasian PWID and 118 healthy volunteers. The presence of GBV‐C RNA (viremia) was determined by reverse transcriptase‐nested PCR in 5′ long terminal repeat. PCR products were sequenced and genotyped by phylogenetic analysis. GBV‐C seropositivity was determined by ELISA. One third of PWID (114/345) and 6% (7/118) of healthy volunteers (OR = 7.8, 95% CI = 3.5–20.5, P < 0.001) were GBV‐C viremic. In PWID group, 79% of sequences belonged to subtype 2a, 19% to subtype 2b, and two remained unclassified. In healthy volunteers, six out of seven sequences belonged to subtype 2a and one to subtype 2b. We found HIV+ PWID to have two times increased odds of being GBV‐C viremic compared to HIV− PWID (62% vs. 38%; OR = 2.13, 95% CI = 1.34–3.36, P = 0.001). In addition, odds of being GBV‐C viremic decreased with increasing age (OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.90–0.98, P = 0.001). HIV positivity remained associated with GBV‐C viremia in multivariate analysis after adjustment for age (OR = 2.23, 95% CI = 1.39–3.58, P = 0.001). GBV‐C seropositivity was similar among PWID and healthy volunteers (2.3% vs. 1.7%, respectively; OR = 1.4, 95% CI =0.3–13.5, P = 1). In an Eastern European country we demonstrated that GBV‐C viremia is common among PWID, but uncommon among healthy volunteers, and GBV‐C seropositivity is infrequent among both groups. Similarly to other European countries and USA, GBV‐C 2a is the most common genotype in Estonia. J. Med. Virol. 89:632–638, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</pub><pmid>27603233</pmid><doi>10.1002/jmv.24683</doi><tpages>7</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adult Antibodies, Viral - blood Cross-Sectional Studies Drug use Epidemiology Europe, Eastern - epidemiology Female Flaviviridae Infections - epidemiology Flaviviridae Infections - virology GB virus C - classification GB virus C - genetics GB virus C - isolation & purification Genotype Genotype & phenotype Hepatitis, Viral, Human - epidemiology Hepatitis, Viral, Human - virology HGV HIV HIV Infections - complications Human immunodeficiency virus Humans IDU Lentivirus Male Middle Aged Phylogeny Polymerase Chain Reaction Prevalence Retroviridae Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction RNA, Viral - blood Sequence Analysis, DNA seropositivity Sociodemographics Substance Abuse, Intravenous - complications viremia Viremia - diagnosis Virology |
| title | Prevalence and genotypes of GBV‐C and its associations with HIV infection among persons who inject drugs in Eastern Europe |
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