Chromatin priming of genes in development: concepts, mechanisms and consequences

Abstract During ontogeny, cells progress through multiple alternate differentiation states by activating distinct gene regulatory networks. In this review we highlight the important role of chromatin priming in facilitating gene activation during lineage specification and in maintaining an epigenetic memory of previous gene activation. We describe that chromatin priming is part of a hugely diverse repertoire of regulatory mechanisms that genes use to ensure that they are expressed at the correct time, in the correct cell type, at the correct level, but also that they react to signals. We also emphasize how increasing our knowledge of these principles could inform our understanding of developmental failure and disease.