An explanation of patterns of breeding bird species richness and density following clearcutting in northeastern USA forests
We surveyed breeding birds for an average of 4 years on 23 primarily even-aged successional stands ranging from 2 to 120 years old to observe changes in species richness and density following clearcutting in central New York. An initial sharp increase in richness and density from post-cut years 2–6...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Forest ecology and management 2003-02, Vol.174 (1), p.541-564 |
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| creator | Keller, J.K Richmond, M.E Smith, C.R |
| description | We surveyed breeding birds for an average of 4 years on 23 primarily even-aged successional stands ranging from 2 to 120 years old to observe changes in species richness and density following clearcutting in central New York. An initial sharp increase in richness and density from post-cut years 2–6 preceded a steep decline by year 25. Cubic functions best fit this (
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| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00074-9 |
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P<0.0007) and a second, smaller increase and decline in richness and density between years 25 and 120 (
P<0.03). The rapid initial increases in richness and density were highly correlated with leaf area which, on plots that were heavily stocked prior to cutting, returned to precut levels by year 6 or 7. Species richness on 6-year-old clearcuts was more than twice that of any mature stand sampled. Similarly, 6-year-old clearcuts exhibited a mean avian density (501
pr/40
ha), more than 2.5 times that of any mature stand (184
pr/40
ha). The decline in avian populations from years 7 to 25 accompanied canopy closure and was likely associated with the loss of foraging and nesting sites near ground level. The second, less pronounced increase in avian richness and density from years 25 to 100 was associated with (1) the redistribution of foliage to all vertical layers of the forest resulting from the increasing size and duration of canopy gaps caused by tree deaths; and (2) the increasing size and bark complexity of tree boles, which provided new foraging and nesting substrates. Overall, avian successional trends appear to be determined by the development and decline of vegetation patch types appropriate to specific guilds of birds. We suggest that, while lacking the vertical heterogeneity and bole-related substrates traditionally cited as correlates of avian richness and density in older forests, early successional stages of northeastern forests support significantly higher avifaunal richness and density due to a combination of high productivity of leaves and insects along with increased horizontal structural complexity. Even-aged stand management, carefully implemented through clearcutting, has the potential to increase the species richness of forested landscapes and provide important habitat for early successional Neotropical migrants, while effectively meeting demands for marketable timber.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0378-1127</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1872-7042</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00074-9</identifier><identifier>CODEN: FECMDW</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Amsterdam: Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>Animal and plant ecology ; Animal, plant and microbial ecology ; Biological and medical sciences ; Clearcutting ; Density ; Forest management ; Forestry ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; General forest ecology ; Generalities. Production, biomass. Quality of wood and forest products. General forest ecology ; Guilds ; Leaf area ; Modeling ; Neotropical forest birds ; Northern hardwoods ; Richness ; Succession ; Synecology ; Terrestrial ecosystems</subject><ispartof>Forest ecology and management, 2003-02, Vol.174 (1), p.541-564</ispartof><rights>2002 Elsevier Science B.V.</rights><rights>2003 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c465t-e83e7dbc6d97f3c8282eabd18f90f1272946edb7f43914b3d3cf1336eb76296e3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c465t-e83e7dbc6d97f3c8282eabd18f90f1272946edb7f43914b3d3cf1336eb76296e3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112702000749$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3537,27901,27902,65306</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=14512869$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Keller, J.K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Richmond, M.E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Smith, C.R</creatorcontrib><title>An explanation of patterns of breeding bird species richness and density following clearcutting in northeastern USA forests</title><title>Forest ecology and management</title><description>We surveyed breeding birds for an average of 4 years on 23 primarily even-aged successional stands ranging from 2 to 120 years old to observe changes in species richness and density following clearcutting in central New York. An initial sharp increase in richness and density from post-cut years 2–6 preceded a steep decline by year 25. Cubic functions best fit this (
P<0.0007) and a second, smaller increase and decline in richness and density between years 25 and 120 (
P<0.03). The rapid initial increases in richness and density were highly correlated with leaf area which, on plots that were heavily stocked prior to cutting, returned to precut levels by year 6 or 7. Species richness on 6-year-old clearcuts was more than twice that of any mature stand sampled. Similarly, 6-year-old clearcuts exhibited a mean avian density (501
pr/40
ha), more than 2.5 times that of any mature stand (184
pr/40
ha). The decline in avian populations from years 7 to 25 accompanied canopy closure and was likely associated with the loss of foraging and nesting sites near ground level. The second, less pronounced increase in avian richness and density from years 25 to 100 was associated with (1) the redistribution of foliage to all vertical layers of the forest resulting from the increasing size and duration of canopy gaps caused by tree deaths; and (2) the increasing size and bark complexity of tree boles, which provided new foraging and nesting substrates. Overall, avian successional trends appear to be determined by the development and decline of vegetation patch types appropriate to specific guilds of birds. We suggest that, while lacking the vertical heterogeneity and bole-related substrates traditionally cited as correlates of avian richness and density in older forests, early successional stages of northeastern forests support significantly higher avifaunal richness and density due to a combination of high productivity of leaves and insects along with increased horizontal structural complexity. Even-aged stand management, carefully implemented through clearcutting, has the potential to increase the species richness of forested landscapes and provide important habitat for early successional Neotropical migrants, while effectively meeting demands for marketable timber.</description><subject>Animal and plant ecology</subject><subject>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Clearcutting</subject><subject>Density</subject><subject>Forest management</subject><subject>Forestry</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>General forest ecology</subject><subject>Generalities. Production, biomass. Quality of wood and forest products. General forest ecology</subject><subject>Guilds</subject><subject>Leaf area</subject><subject>Modeling</subject><subject>Neotropical forest birds</subject><subject>Northern hardwoods</subject><subject>Richness</subject><subject>Succession</subject><subject>Synecology</subject><subject>Terrestrial ecosystems</subject><issn>0378-1127</issn><issn>1872-7042</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2003</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqFkc1u1TAQhSMEEpfCIyB5A4JFwD-J7azQVQUtUiUWpWvLscfUKLWDxxeoeHmc3gqWXY1H-maO55yue8noO0aZfH9JhdI9Y1y9ofwtpVQN_fSo2zGteK_owB93u3_I0-4Z4vcGjeOgd92ffSLwe11ssjXmRHIgq60VSsLtPRcAH9M3MsfiCa7gIiAp0V0nQCQ2eeIhYay3JORlyb821i1gizvUujUxkZRLvQaL21ZydblvaAGs-Lx7EuyC8OK-nnRXnz5-PT3vL76cfT7dX_RukGPtQQtQfnbSTyoIp7nmYGfPdJhoaBfxaZDgZxUGMbFhFl64wISQMCvJJwnipHt93LuW_OPQlM1NRAdLOxryAQ3TsoGjfBhs_xGM8gaOR9CVjFggmLXEG1tuDaNmy8TcZWI2ww3l5i4TM7W5V_cCFp1dQrHJRfw_PIyMa7lxH44cNFt-RigGm_HJtSwKuGp8jg8o_QXyhqLU</recordid><startdate>20030217</startdate><enddate>20030217</enddate><creator>Keller, J.K</creator><creator>Richmond, M.E</creator><creator>Smith, C.R</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><general>Elsevier</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>7SN</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20030217</creationdate><title>An explanation of patterns of breeding bird species richness and density following clearcutting in northeastern USA forests</title><author>Keller, J.K ; Richmond, M.E ; Smith, C.R</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c465t-e83e7dbc6d97f3c8282eabd18f90f1272946edb7f43914b3d3cf1336eb76296e3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2003</creationdate><topic>Animal and plant ecology</topic><topic>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Clearcutting</topic><topic>Density</topic><topic>Forest management</topic><topic>Forestry</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>General forest ecology</topic><topic>Generalities. Production, biomass. Quality of wood and forest products. General forest ecology</topic><topic>Guilds</topic><topic>Leaf area</topic><topic>Modeling</topic><topic>Neotropical forest birds</topic><topic>Northern hardwoods</topic><topic>Richness</topic><topic>Succession</topic><topic>Synecology</topic><topic>Terrestrial ecosystems</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Keller, J.K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Richmond, M.E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Smith, C.R</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Forest ecology and management</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Keller, J.K</au><au>Richmond, M.E</au><au>Smith, C.R</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>An explanation of patterns of breeding bird species richness and density following clearcutting in northeastern USA forests</atitle><jtitle>Forest ecology and management</jtitle><date>2003-02-17</date><risdate>2003</risdate><volume>174</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>541</spage><epage>564</epage><pages>541-564</pages><issn>0378-1127</issn><eissn>1872-7042</eissn><coden>FECMDW</coden><abstract>We surveyed breeding birds for an average of 4 years on 23 primarily even-aged successional stands ranging from 2 to 120 years old to observe changes in species richness and density following clearcutting in central New York. An initial sharp increase in richness and density from post-cut years 2–6 preceded a steep decline by year 25. Cubic functions best fit this (
P<0.0007) and a second, smaller increase and decline in richness and density between years 25 and 120 (
P<0.03). The rapid initial increases in richness and density were highly correlated with leaf area which, on plots that were heavily stocked prior to cutting, returned to precut levels by year 6 or 7. Species richness on 6-year-old clearcuts was more than twice that of any mature stand sampled. Similarly, 6-year-old clearcuts exhibited a mean avian density (501
pr/40
ha), more than 2.5 times that of any mature stand (184
pr/40
ha). The decline in avian populations from years 7 to 25 accompanied canopy closure and was likely associated with the loss of foraging and nesting sites near ground level. The second, less pronounced increase in avian richness and density from years 25 to 100 was associated with (1) the redistribution of foliage to all vertical layers of the forest resulting from the increasing size and duration of canopy gaps caused by tree deaths; and (2) the increasing size and bark complexity of tree boles, which provided new foraging and nesting substrates. Overall, avian successional trends appear to be determined by the development and decline of vegetation patch types appropriate to specific guilds of birds. We suggest that, while lacking the vertical heterogeneity and bole-related substrates traditionally cited as correlates of avian richness and density in older forests, early successional stages of northeastern forests support significantly higher avifaunal richness and density due to a combination of high productivity of leaves and insects along with increased horizontal structural complexity. Even-aged stand management, carefully implemented through clearcutting, has the potential to increase the species richness of forested landscapes and provide important habitat for early successional Neotropical migrants, while effectively meeting demands for marketable timber.</abstract><cop>Amsterdam</cop><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><doi>10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00074-9</doi><tpages>24</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Animal and plant ecology Animal, plant and microbial ecology Biological and medical sciences Clearcutting Density Forest management Forestry Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General forest ecology Generalities. Production, biomass. Quality of wood and forest products. General forest ecology Guilds Leaf area Modeling Neotropical forest birds Northern hardwoods Richness Succession Synecology Terrestrial ecosystems |
| title | An explanation of patterns of breeding bird species richness and density following clearcutting in northeastern USA forests |
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