Who has the worst attitudes toward sexual minorities? Comparison of transphobia and homophobia levels in gender dysphoric individuals, the general population and health care providers
Purpose To date, few studies have addressed attitudes toward transgender individuals. In addition, little is known about health care providers’ (HCP) attitudes toward sexual minorities. The aim of the present study is to compare attitudes toward homosexual and transgender individuals between gender...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of endocrinological investigation 2017-03, Vol.40 (3), p.263-273 |
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| creator | Fisher, A. D. Castellini, G. Ristori, J. Casale, H. Giovanardi, G. Carone, N. Fanni, E. Mosconi, M. Ciocca, G. Jannini, E. A. Ricca, V. Lingiardi, V. Maggi, M. |
| description | Purpose
To date, few studies have addressed attitudes toward transgender individuals. In addition, little is known about health care providers’ (HCP) attitudes toward sexual minorities. The aim of the present study is to compare attitudes toward homosexual and transgender individuals between gender dysphoric individuals (GDs), general population controls (C) and HCP.
Methods
A total of 310 subjects were considered, including 122 GDs (63 transwomen and 59 transmen), 53 heterosexual HCP (26 males and 27 females) and 135 C. Participants completed the Modern Homophobia Scale (MHS) and the Attitudes Toward Transgendered Individuals Scale (ATTI) in order to assess attitudes toward gay men and lesbian women and toward transgender individuals, respectively. In addition, GDs completed the Gender Identity/Gender Dysphoria Questionnaire (GIDYQ-AA) and ATTI to measure, respectively, gender dysphoria levels and internalized transphobia. Religious attitudes were evaluated by means of the Religious Fundamentalism Scale (RFS), and Discrimination and Stigma Scale (DISC-12) was used to measure perceived discrimination.
Results
(1) Men showed significantly higher levels of homophobia and transphobia when compared to women (
p
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| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s40618-016-0552-3 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_1859740940</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>1880758376</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c415t-72f87bf3456e8bd29599c24d33111129c10ffb716fe6c778d5a1d3a3fcf029613</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp1kcFu1DAQhi1ERcvCA3BBlrhwIMWOk9g5oWoFLVKlXoo4Ro49blwlcbCdlj4Zr8dsd0EVEr7YHn__P9b8hLzh7JQzJj-mijVcFYw3BavrshDPyAmXJSuUUM3zJ-dj8jKlW8aEFEq-IMelbERbMX5Cfn0fAh10onkAeh9iylTn7PNqAWvhXkdLE_xc9UgnP4fos4f0iW7DtOjoU5hpcDRHPadlCL3XVM-WDmEKh-sIdzAm6md6A7OFSO3DjozeYM36O2_ROn14bI8ERGy0hGUddfZo_ugGeswDNToCXWJACcT0ihw5FMLrw74h3758vt5eFJdX51-3Z5eFqXidC1k6JXsnqroB1duyrdvWlJUVguMqW8OZc73kjYPGSKlsrbkVWjjjWNk2XGzI-70vdv6xQsrd5JOBcdQzhDV1XNWtrBgOE9F3_6C3YY0z_g4pxWStBI59Q_ieMjGkFMF1S_STjg8dZ90u1W6faoepdrtUO4GatwfntZ_A_lX8iRGBcg8kfJpvID5p_V_X32mIsQY</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1880758376</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Who has the worst attitudes toward sexual minorities? Comparison of transphobia and homophobia levels in gender dysphoric individuals, the general population and health care providers</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>SpringerNature Journals</source><creator>Fisher, A. D. ; Castellini, G. ; Ristori, J. ; Casale, H. ; Giovanardi, G. ; Carone, N. ; Fanni, E. ; Mosconi, M. ; Ciocca, G. ; Jannini, E. A. ; Ricca, V. ; Lingiardi, V. ; Maggi, M.</creator><creatorcontrib>Fisher, A. D. ; Castellini, G. ; Ristori, J. ; Casale, H. ; Giovanardi, G. ; Carone, N. ; Fanni, E. ; Mosconi, M. ; Ciocca, G. ; Jannini, E. A. ; Ricca, V. ; Lingiardi, V. ; Maggi, M.</creatorcontrib><description>Purpose
To date, few studies have addressed attitudes toward transgender individuals. In addition, little is known about health care providers’ (HCP) attitudes toward sexual minorities. The aim of the present study is to compare attitudes toward homosexual and transgender individuals between gender dysphoric individuals (GDs), general population controls (C) and HCP.
Methods
A total of 310 subjects were considered, including 122 GDs (63 transwomen and 59 transmen), 53 heterosexual HCP (26 males and 27 females) and 135 C. Participants completed the Modern Homophobia Scale (MHS) and the Attitudes Toward Transgendered Individuals Scale (ATTI) in order to assess attitudes toward gay men and lesbian women and toward transgender individuals, respectively. In addition, GDs completed the Gender Identity/Gender Dysphoria Questionnaire (GIDYQ-AA) and ATTI to measure, respectively, gender dysphoria levels and internalized transphobia. Religious attitudes were evaluated by means of the Religious Fundamentalism Scale (RFS), and Discrimination and Stigma Scale (DISC-12) was used to measure perceived discrimination.
Results
(1) Men showed significantly higher levels of homophobia and transphobia when compared to women (
p
< 0.001); (2) perceived discrimination was higher in lesbian women compared to gay men and in transwomen compared to transmen (
p
< 0.001 and
p
< 0.05, respectively); and (3) religious fundamentalism was associated with both homophobia and transphobia (both
p
< 0.001).
Conclusions
Our results underline the need to promote awareness and acceptance of the sexual minorities, who are more at risk of discriminatory attitudes, which are strongly dependent on religious precepts and dogma.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1720-8386</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 0391-4097</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1720-8386</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s40618-016-0552-3</identifier><identifier>PMID: 27639401</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer International Publishing</publisher><subject>Adult ; Attitude of Health Personnel ; Attitudes ; Endocrinology ; Female ; Gays & lesbians ; Gender Identity ; Health Personnel - psychology ; Homophobia - psychology ; Homosexuality, Female - psychology ; Homosexuality, Male - psychology ; Humans ; Male ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Mens health ; Metabolic Diseases ; Minority & ethnic groups ; Original Article ; Religion ; Sexual and Gender Minorities - psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Transgender persons ; Transgender Persons - psychology</subject><ispartof>Journal of endocrinological investigation, 2017-03, Vol.40 (3), p.263-273</ispartof><rights>Italian Society of Endocrinology (SIE) 2016</rights><rights>Copyright Springer Science & Business Media 2017</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c415t-72f87bf3456e8bd29599c24d33111129c10ffb716fe6c778d5a1d3a3fcf029613</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c415t-72f87bf3456e8bd29599c24d33111129c10ffb716fe6c778d5a1d3a3fcf029613</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40618-016-0552-3$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40618-016-0552-3$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>315,782,786,27933,27934,41497,42566,51328</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27639401$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Fisher, A. D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Castellini, G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ristori, J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Casale, H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Giovanardi, G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Carone, N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fanni, E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mosconi, M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ciocca, G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jannini, E. A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ricca, V.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lingiardi, V.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Maggi, M.</creatorcontrib><title>Who has the worst attitudes toward sexual minorities? Comparison of transphobia and homophobia levels in gender dysphoric individuals, the general population and health care providers</title><title>Journal of endocrinological investigation</title><addtitle>J Endocrinol Invest</addtitle><addtitle>J Endocrinol Invest</addtitle><description>Purpose
To date, few studies have addressed attitudes toward transgender individuals. In addition, little is known about health care providers’ (HCP) attitudes toward sexual minorities. The aim of the present study is to compare attitudes toward homosexual and transgender individuals between gender dysphoric individuals (GDs), general population controls (C) and HCP.
Methods
A total of 310 subjects were considered, including 122 GDs (63 transwomen and 59 transmen), 53 heterosexual HCP (26 males and 27 females) and 135 C. Participants completed the Modern Homophobia Scale (MHS) and the Attitudes Toward Transgendered Individuals Scale (ATTI) in order to assess attitudes toward gay men and lesbian women and toward transgender individuals, respectively. In addition, GDs completed the Gender Identity/Gender Dysphoria Questionnaire (GIDYQ-AA) and ATTI to measure, respectively, gender dysphoria levels and internalized transphobia. Religious attitudes were evaluated by means of the Religious Fundamentalism Scale (RFS), and Discrimination and Stigma Scale (DISC-12) was used to measure perceived discrimination.
Results
(1) Men showed significantly higher levels of homophobia and transphobia when compared to women (
p
< 0.001); (2) perceived discrimination was higher in lesbian women compared to gay men and in transwomen compared to transmen (
p
< 0.001 and
p
< 0.05, respectively); and (3) religious fundamentalism was associated with both homophobia and transphobia (both
p
< 0.001).
Conclusions
Our results underline the need to promote awareness and acceptance of the sexual minorities, who are more at risk of discriminatory attitudes, which are strongly dependent on religious precepts and dogma.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Attitude of Health Personnel</subject><subject>Attitudes</subject><subject>Endocrinology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Gays & lesbians</subject><subject>Gender Identity</subject><subject>Health Personnel - psychology</subject><subject>Homophobia - psychology</subject><subject>Homosexuality, Female - psychology</subject><subject>Homosexuality, Male - psychology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Mens health</subject><subject>Metabolic Diseases</subject><subject>Minority & ethnic groups</subject><subject>Original Article</subject><subject>Religion</subject><subject>Sexual and Gender Minorities - psychology</subject><subject>Surveys and Questionnaires</subject><subject>Transgender persons</subject><subject>Transgender Persons - psychology</subject><issn>1720-8386</issn><issn>0391-4097</issn><issn>1720-8386</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2017</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kcFu1DAQhi1ERcvCA3BBlrhwIMWOk9g5oWoFLVKlXoo4Ro49blwlcbCdlj4Zr8dsd0EVEr7YHn__P9b8hLzh7JQzJj-mijVcFYw3BavrshDPyAmXJSuUUM3zJ-dj8jKlW8aEFEq-IMelbERbMX5Cfn0fAh10onkAeh9iylTn7PNqAWvhXkdLE_xc9UgnP4fos4f0iW7DtOjoU5hpcDRHPadlCL3XVM-WDmEKh-sIdzAm6md6A7OFSO3DjozeYM36O2_ROn14bI8ERGy0hGUddfZo_ugGeswDNToCXWJACcT0ihw5FMLrw74h3758vt5eFJdX51-3Z5eFqXidC1k6JXsnqroB1duyrdvWlJUVguMqW8OZc73kjYPGSKlsrbkVWjjjWNk2XGzI-70vdv6xQsrd5JOBcdQzhDV1XNWtrBgOE9F3_6C3YY0z_g4pxWStBI59Q_ieMjGkFMF1S_STjg8dZ90u1W6faoepdrtUO4GatwfntZ_A_lX8iRGBcg8kfJpvID5p_V_X32mIsQY</recordid><startdate>20170301</startdate><enddate>20170301</enddate><creator>Fisher, A. D.</creator><creator>Castellini, G.</creator><creator>Ristori, J.</creator><creator>Casale, H.</creator><creator>Giovanardi, G.</creator><creator>Carone, N.</creator><creator>Fanni, E.</creator><creator>Mosconi, M.</creator><creator>Ciocca, G.</creator><creator>Jannini, E. A.</creator><creator>Ricca, V.</creator><creator>Lingiardi, V.</creator><creator>Maggi, M.</creator><general>Springer International Publishing</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20170301</creationdate><title>Who has the worst attitudes toward sexual minorities? Comparison of transphobia and homophobia levels in gender dysphoric individuals, the general population and health care providers</title><author>Fisher, A. D. ; Castellini, G. ; Ristori, J. ; Casale, H. ; Giovanardi, G. ; Carone, N. ; Fanni, E. ; Mosconi, M. ; Ciocca, G. ; Jannini, E. A. ; Ricca, V. ; Lingiardi, V. ; Maggi, M.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c415t-72f87bf3456e8bd29599c24d33111129c10ffb716fe6c778d5a1d3a3fcf029613</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2017</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Attitude of Health Personnel</topic><topic>Attitudes</topic><topic>Endocrinology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Gays & lesbians</topic><topic>Gender Identity</topic><topic>Health Personnel - psychology</topic><topic>Homophobia - psychology</topic><topic>Homosexuality, Female - psychology</topic><topic>Homosexuality, Male - psychology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Mens health</topic><topic>Metabolic Diseases</topic><topic>Minority & ethnic groups</topic><topic>Original Article</topic><topic>Religion</topic><topic>Sexual and Gender Minorities - psychology</topic><topic>Surveys and Questionnaires</topic><topic>Transgender persons</topic><topic>Transgender Persons - psychology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Fisher, A. D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Castellini, G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ristori, J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Casale, H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Giovanardi, G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Carone, N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fanni, E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mosconi, M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ciocca, G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jannini, E. A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ricca, V.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lingiardi, V.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Maggi, M.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Journal of endocrinological investigation</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Fisher, A. D.</au><au>Castellini, G.</au><au>Ristori, J.</au><au>Casale, H.</au><au>Giovanardi, G.</au><au>Carone, N.</au><au>Fanni, E.</au><au>Mosconi, M.</au><au>Ciocca, G.</au><au>Jannini, E. A.</au><au>Ricca, V.</au><au>Lingiardi, V.</au><au>Maggi, M.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Who has the worst attitudes toward sexual minorities? Comparison of transphobia and homophobia levels in gender dysphoric individuals, the general population and health care providers</atitle><jtitle>Journal of endocrinological investigation</jtitle><stitle>J Endocrinol Invest</stitle><addtitle>J Endocrinol Invest</addtitle><date>2017-03-01</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>40</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>263</spage><epage>273</epage><pages>263-273</pages><issn>1720-8386</issn><issn>0391-4097</issn><eissn>1720-8386</eissn><abstract>Purpose
To date, few studies have addressed attitudes toward transgender individuals. In addition, little is known about health care providers’ (HCP) attitudes toward sexual minorities. The aim of the present study is to compare attitudes toward homosexual and transgender individuals between gender dysphoric individuals (GDs), general population controls (C) and HCP.
Methods
A total of 310 subjects were considered, including 122 GDs (63 transwomen and 59 transmen), 53 heterosexual HCP (26 males and 27 females) and 135 C. Participants completed the Modern Homophobia Scale (MHS) and the Attitudes Toward Transgendered Individuals Scale (ATTI) in order to assess attitudes toward gay men and lesbian women and toward transgender individuals, respectively. In addition, GDs completed the Gender Identity/Gender Dysphoria Questionnaire (GIDYQ-AA) and ATTI to measure, respectively, gender dysphoria levels and internalized transphobia. Religious attitudes were evaluated by means of the Religious Fundamentalism Scale (RFS), and Discrimination and Stigma Scale (DISC-12) was used to measure perceived discrimination.
Results
(1) Men showed significantly higher levels of homophobia and transphobia when compared to women (
p
< 0.001); (2) perceived discrimination was higher in lesbian women compared to gay men and in transwomen compared to transmen (
p
< 0.001 and
p
< 0.05, respectively); and (3) religious fundamentalism was associated with both homophobia and transphobia (both
p
< 0.001).
Conclusions
Our results underline the need to promote awareness and acceptance of the sexual minorities, who are more at risk of discriminatory attitudes, which are strongly dependent on religious precepts and dogma.</abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Springer International Publishing</pub><pmid>27639401</pmid><doi>10.1007/s40618-016-0552-3</doi><tpages>11</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| identifier | ISSN: 1720-8386 |
| ispartof | Journal of endocrinological investigation, 2017-03, Vol.40 (3), p.263-273 |
| issn | 1720-8386 0391-4097 1720-8386 |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; SpringerNature Journals |
| subjects | Adult Attitude of Health Personnel Attitudes Endocrinology Female Gays & lesbians Gender Identity Health Personnel - psychology Homophobia - psychology Homosexuality, Female - psychology Homosexuality, Male - psychology Humans Male Medicine Medicine & Public Health Mens health Metabolic Diseases Minority & ethnic groups Original Article Religion Sexual and Gender Minorities - psychology Surveys and Questionnaires Transgender persons Transgender Persons - psychology |
| title | Who has the worst attitudes toward sexual minorities? Comparison of transphobia and homophobia levels in gender dysphoric individuals, the general population and health care providers |
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