Physical Risk Factors for a Medial Elbow Injury in Junior Baseball Players: A Prospective Cohort Study of 353 Players
Background: The physical risk factors for a medial elbow injury in junior baseball players are unknown. Purpose: To identify the risk factors for an initial medial elbow injury in junior baseball players. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Junior baseball players (aged...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | The American journal of sports medicine 2017-01, Vol.45 (1), p.135-143 |
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| creator | Sakata, Jun Nakamura, Emi Suzukawa, Makoto Akaike, Atsushi Shimizu, Kuniaki |
| description | Background:
The physical risk factors for a medial elbow injury in junior baseball players are unknown.
Purpose:
To identify the risk factors for an initial medial elbow injury in junior baseball players.
Study Design:
Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.
Methods:
Junior baseball players (aged 6-12 years) without a history of elbow pain underwent a clinical assessment, ultrasonography, and physical function measurements before the baseball season started. Bilateral passive range of motion (ROM) of elbow extension and flexion, external rotation (ER) and internal rotation (IR) of the shoulder, and ER and IR of the hip were measured. IR and ER strength of the shoulder and scapular muscles were measured on both sides. The thoracic kyphosis angle was measured with participants in a relaxed standing position. Before these examinations, every participant completed a questionnaire regarding his or her age, sex, total years of baseball played, position in baseball, number of balls thrown, and episodes of pain during throwing. After the initial test session, each participant was followed up for 12 months to assess for the occurrence of a new injury. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors for a medial elbow injury.
Results:
Seventy-eight players (22.1%) sustained a medial elbow injury. Age ≥9 years (odds ratio [OR], 2.708; 95% CI, 1.224-5.990), pitcher position (OR, 2.620; 95% CI, 1.389-4.941), >100 throws per day (OR, 1.936; 95% CI, 1.072-3.497), thoracic kyphosis angle ≥30° (OR, 2.501; 95% CI, 1.381-4.531), and elbow extension deficit ≥5° (OR, 1.973; 95% CI, 1.022-3.809) were significantly associated with a medial elbow injury.
Conclusion:
The incidence of an initial medial elbow injury was 22.1%. Age, number of throws per day, thoracic kyphosis angle, and elbow extension deficit are newly discovered risk factors related to physical function. Improvement of the posture and early detection of a silent elbow extension deficit may prevent a medial elbow injury. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1177/0363546516663931 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_1859484692</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sage_id>10.1177_0363546516663931</sage_id><sourcerecordid>1878938565</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c422t-ee6c8bb98bf6f887b08c64847dd75d8123b429c7ffaf71787ea4e65617556b413</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqNkc1v1DAQxa0K1G4Ld07IEhcuKXZsjx1uZdUvVNQVH-fIdmyaJRtv7aRV_nscbYtQJVBPc3i_eaN5D6E3lBxTKuUHwoAJDoICAKsY3UMLKkRZMAbiBVrMcjHrB-gwpTUhhEpQ--iglEA4rcgCjaubKbVWd_hrm37hM22HEBP2IWKNv7imzcppZ8I9vuzXY5xw2-PPY99m_ZNOzuiuw6tOTy6mj_gEr2JIW2eH9s7hZbgJccDfhrGZcPCYCfaIvkIvve6Se_0wj9CPs9Pvy4vi6vr8cnlyVVhelkPhHFhlTKWMB6-UNERZ4IrLppGiUbRkhpeVld5rL6lU0mnuQACVQoDhlB2h9zvfbQy3o0tDvWmTdV2nexfGVFMlquwHVfkclEPOWc2u756g6zDGPj-SKakqpgSI_1Nizl8RlSmyo2xOLkXn621sNzpONSX13HH9tOO88vbBeDQb1_xZeCw1A8UOSPqn--vqvwx_A5NjquY</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1856041808</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Physical Risk Factors for a Medial Elbow Injury in Junior Baseball Players: A Prospective Cohort Study of 353 Players</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>SAGE Complete A-Z List</source><source>Alma/SFX Local Collection</source><creator>Sakata, Jun ; Nakamura, Emi ; Suzukawa, Makoto ; Akaike, Atsushi ; Shimizu, Kuniaki</creator><creatorcontrib>Sakata, Jun ; Nakamura, Emi ; Suzukawa, Makoto ; Akaike, Atsushi ; Shimizu, Kuniaki</creatorcontrib><description>Background:
The physical risk factors for a medial elbow injury in junior baseball players are unknown.
Purpose:
To identify the risk factors for an initial medial elbow injury in junior baseball players.
Study Design:
Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.
Methods:
Junior baseball players (aged 6-12 years) without a history of elbow pain underwent a clinical assessment, ultrasonography, and physical function measurements before the baseball season started. Bilateral passive range of motion (ROM) of elbow extension and flexion, external rotation (ER) and internal rotation (IR) of the shoulder, and ER and IR of the hip were measured. IR and ER strength of the shoulder and scapular muscles were measured on both sides. The thoracic kyphosis angle was measured with participants in a relaxed standing position. Before these examinations, every participant completed a questionnaire regarding his or her age, sex, total years of baseball played, position in baseball, number of balls thrown, and episodes of pain during throwing. After the initial test session, each participant was followed up for 12 months to assess for the occurrence of a new injury. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors for a medial elbow injury.
Results:
Seventy-eight players (22.1%) sustained a medial elbow injury. Age ≥9 years (odds ratio [OR], 2.708; 95% CI, 1.224-5.990), pitcher position (OR, 2.620; 95% CI, 1.389-4.941), >100 throws per day (OR, 1.936; 95% CI, 1.072-3.497), thoracic kyphosis angle ≥30° (OR, 2.501; 95% CI, 1.381-4.531), and elbow extension deficit ≥5° (OR, 1.973; 95% CI, 1.022-3.809) were significantly associated with a medial elbow injury.
Conclusion:
The incidence of an initial medial elbow injury was 22.1%. Age, number of throws per day, thoracic kyphosis angle, and elbow extension deficit are newly discovered risk factors related to physical function. Improvement of the posture and early detection of a silent elbow extension deficit may prevent a medial elbow injury.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0363-5465</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1552-3365</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1177/0363546516663931</identifier><identifier>PMID: 27604190</identifier><identifier>CODEN: AJSMDO</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications</publisher><subject>Athletic Injuries - epidemiology ; Athletic Injuries - etiology ; Baseball ; Baseball - injuries ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Cohort analysis ; Cohort Studies ; Elbow ; Elbow - injuries ; Female ; Health risk assessment ; Humans ; Incidence ; Japan - epidemiology ; Joint and ligament injuries ; Male ; Posture ; Prospective Studies ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Risk Factors ; Shoulder ; Sports medicine</subject><ispartof>The American journal of sports medicine, 2017-01, Vol.45 (1), p.135-143</ispartof><rights>2016 The Author(s)</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c422t-ee6c8bb98bf6f887b08c64847dd75d8123b429c7ffaf71787ea4e65617556b413</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c422t-ee6c8bb98bf6f887b08c64847dd75d8123b429c7ffaf71787ea4e65617556b413</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0363546516663931$$EPDF$$P50$$Gsage$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0363546516663931$$EHTML$$P50$$Gsage$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,21819,27924,27925,43621,43622</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27604190$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Sakata, Jun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nakamura, Emi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Suzukawa, Makoto</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Akaike, Atsushi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shimizu, Kuniaki</creatorcontrib><title>Physical Risk Factors for a Medial Elbow Injury in Junior Baseball Players: A Prospective Cohort Study of 353 Players</title><title>The American journal of sports medicine</title><addtitle>Am J Sports Med</addtitle><description>Background:
The physical risk factors for a medial elbow injury in junior baseball players are unknown.
Purpose:
To identify the risk factors for an initial medial elbow injury in junior baseball players.
Study Design:
Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.
Methods:
Junior baseball players (aged 6-12 years) without a history of elbow pain underwent a clinical assessment, ultrasonography, and physical function measurements before the baseball season started. Bilateral passive range of motion (ROM) of elbow extension and flexion, external rotation (ER) and internal rotation (IR) of the shoulder, and ER and IR of the hip were measured. IR and ER strength of the shoulder and scapular muscles were measured on both sides. The thoracic kyphosis angle was measured with participants in a relaxed standing position. Before these examinations, every participant completed a questionnaire regarding his or her age, sex, total years of baseball played, position in baseball, number of balls thrown, and episodes of pain during throwing. After the initial test session, each participant was followed up for 12 months to assess for the occurrence of a new injury. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors for a medial elbow injury.
Results:
Seventy-eight players (22.1%) sustained a medial elbow injury. Age ≥9 years (odds ratio [OR], 2.708; 95% CI, 1.224-5.990), pitcher position (OR, 2.620; 95% CI, 1.389-4.941), >100 throws per day (OR, 1.936; 95% CI, 1.072-3.497), thoracic kyphosis angle ≥30° (OR, 2.501; 95% CI, 1.381-4.531), and elbow extension deficit ≥5° (OR, 1.973; 95% CI, 1.022-3.809) were significantly associated with a medial elbow injury.
Conclusion:
The incidence of an initial medial elbow injury was 22.1%. Age, number of throws per day, thoracic kyphosis angle, and elbow extension deficit are newly discovered risk factors related to physical function. Improvement of the posture and early detection of a silent elbow extension deficit may prevent a medial elbow injury.</description><subject>Athletic Injuries - epidemiology</subject><subject>Athletic Injuries - etiology</subject><subject>Baseball</subject><subject>Baseball - injuries</subject><subject>Case-Control Studies</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Cohort analysis</subject><subject>Cohort Studies</subject><subject>Elbow</subject><subject>Elbow - injuries</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Health risk assessment</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Incidence</subject><subject>Japan - epidemiology</subject><subject>Joint and ligament injuries</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Posture</subject><subject>Prospective Studies</subject><subject>Range of Motion, Articular</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Shoulder</subject><subject>Sports medicine</subject><issn>0363-5465</issn><issn>1552-3365</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2017</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkc1v1DAQxa0K1G4Ld07IEhcuKXZsjx1uZdUvVNQVH-fIdmyaJRtv7aRV_nscbYtQJVBPc3i_eaN5D6E3lBxTKuUHwoAJDoICAKsY3UMLKkRZMAbiBVrMcjHrB-gwpTUhhEpQ--iglEA4rcgCjaubKbVWd_hrm37hM22HEBP2IWKNv7imzcppZ8I9vuzXY5xw2-PPY99m_ZNOzuiuw6tOTy6mj_gEr2JIW2eH9s7hZbgJccDfhrGZcPCYCfaIvkIvve6Se_0wj9CPs9Pvy4vi6vr8cnlyVVhelkPhHFhlTKWMB6-UNERZ4IrLppGiUbRkhpeVld5rL6lU0mnuQACVQoDhlB2h9zvfbQy3o0tDvWmTdV2nexfGVFMlquwHVfkclEPOWc2u756g6zDGPj-SKakqpgSI_1Nizl8RlSmyo2xOLkXn621sNzpONSX13HH9tOO88vbBeDQb1_xZeCw1A8UOSPqn--vqvwx_A5NjquY</recordid><startdate>20170101</startdate><enddate>20170101</enddate><creator>Sakata, Jun</creator><creator>Nakamura, Emi</creator><creator>Suzukawa, Makoto</creator><creator>Akaike, Atsushi</creator><creator>Shimizu, Kuniaki</creator><general>SAGE Publications</general><general>Sage Publications Ltd</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TS</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>U9A</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20170101</creationdate><title>Physical Risk Factors for a Medial Elbow Injury in Junior Baseball Players: A Prospective Cohort Study of 353 Players</title><author>Sakata, Jun ; Nakamura, Emi ; Suzukawa, Makoto ; Akaike, Atsushi ; Shimizu, Kuniaki</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c422t-ee6c8bb98bf6f887b08c64847dd75d8123b429c7ffaf71787ea4e65617556b413</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2017</creationdate><topic>Athletic Injuries - epidemiology</topic><topic>Athletic Injuries - etiology</topic><topic>Baseball</topic><topic>Baseball - injuries</topic><topic>Case-Control Studies</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Cohort analysis</topic><topic>Cohort Studies</topic><topic>Elbow</topic><topic>Elbow - injuries</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Health risk assessment</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Incidence</topic><topic>Japan - epidemiology</topic><topic>Joint and ligament injuries</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Posture</topic><topic>Prospective Studies</topic><topic>Range of Motion, Articular</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>Shoulder</topic><topic>Sports medicine</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Sakata, Jun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nakamura, Emi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Suzukawa, Makoto</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Akaike, Atsushi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shimizu, Kuniaki</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Physical Education Index</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>The American journal of sports medicine</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Sakata, Jun</au><au>Nakamura, Emi</au><au>Suzukawa, Makoto</au><au>Akaike, Atsushi</au><au>Shimizu, Kuniaki</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Physical Risk Factors for a Medial Elbow Injury in Junior Baseball Players: A Prospective Cohort Study of 353 Players</atitle><jtitle>The American journal of sports medicine</jtitle><addtitle>Am J Sports Med</addtitle><date>2017-01-01</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>45</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>135</spage><epage>143</epage><pages>135-143</pages><issn>0363-5465</issn><eissn>1552-3365</eissn><coden>AJSMDO</coden><abstract>Background:
The physical risk factors for a medial elbow injury in junior baseball players are unknown.
Purpose:
To identify the risk factors for an initial medial elbow injury in junior baseball players.
Study Design:
Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.
Methods:
Junior baseball players (aged 6-12 years) without a history of elbow pain underwent a clinical assessment, ultrasonography, and physical function measurements before the baseball season started. Bilateral passive range of motion (ROM) of elbow extension and flexion, external rotation (ER) and internal rotation (IR) of the shoulder, and ER and IR of the hip were measured. IR and ER strength of the shoulder and scapular muscles were measured on both sides. The thoracic kyphosis angle was measured with participants in a relaxed standing position. Before these examinations, every participant completed a questionnaire regarding his or her age, sex, total years of baseball played, position in baseball, number of balls thrown, and episodes of pain during throwing. After the initial test session, each participant was followed up for 12 months to assess for the occurrence of a new injury. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors for a medial elbow injury.
Results:
Seventy-eight players (22.1%) sustained a medial elbow injury. Age ≥9 years (odds ratio [OR], 2.708; 95% CI, 1.224-5.990), pitcher position (OR, 2.620; 95% CI, 1.389-4.941), >100 throws per day (OR, 1.936; 95% CI, 1.072-3.497), thoracic kyphosis angle ≥30° (OR, 2.501; 95% CI, 1.381-4.531), and elbow extension deficit ≥5° (OR, 1.973; 95% CI, 1.022-3.809) were significantly associated with a medial elbow injury.
Conclusion:
The incidence of an initial medial elbow injury was 22.1%. Age, number of throws per day, thoracic kyphosis angle, and elbow extension deficit are newly discovered risk factors related to physical function. Improvement of the posture and early detection of a silent elbow extension deficit may prevent a medial elbow injury.</abstract><cop>Los Angeles, CA</cop><pub>SAGE Publications</pub><pmid>27604190</pmid><doi>10.1177/0363546516663931</doi><tpages>9</tpages></addata></record> |
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| identifier | ISSN: 0363-5465 |
| ispartof | The American journal of sports medicine, 2017-01, Vol.45 (1), p.135-143 |
| issn | 0363-5465 1552-3365 |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; SAGE Complete A-Z List; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Athletic Injuries - epidemiology Athletic Injuries - etiology Baseball Baseball - injuries Case-Control Studies Child Cohort analysis Cohort Studies Elbow Elbow - injuries Female Health risk assessment Humans Incidence Japan - epidemiology Joint and ligament injuries Male Posture Prospective Studies Range of Motion, Articular Risk Factors Shoulder Sports medicine |
| title | Physical Risk Factors for a Medial Elbow Injury in Junior Baseball Players: A Prospective Cohort Study of 353 Players |
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