Effects of chromium on the immune system
Abstract Chromium is a naturally occurring heavy metal found commonly in the environment in trivalent, Cr(III), and hexavalent, Cr(VI), forms. Cr(VI) compounds have been declared as a potent occupational carcinogen among workers in chrome plating, stainless steel, and pigment industries. The reducti...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 2002-09, Vol.34 (1), p.1-7 |
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| creator | Shrivastava, Richa Upreti, R.K. Seth, P.K. Chaturvedi, U.C. |
| description | Abstract
Chromium is a naturally occurring heavy metal found commonly in the environment in trivalent, Cr(III), and hexavalent, Cr(VI), forms. Cr(VI) compounds have been declared as a potent occupational carcinogen among workers in chrome plating, stainless steel, and pigment industries. The reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) results in the formation of reactive intermediates that together with oxidative stress oxidative tissue damage and a cascade of cellular events including modulation of apoptosis regulatory gene p53, contribute to the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of Cr(VI)-containing compounds. On the other hand, chromium is an essential nutrient required to promote the action of insulin in body tissues so that the body can use sugars, proteins and fats. Chromium is of significant importance in altering the immune response by immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive processes as shown by its effects on T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, cytokine production and the immune response that may induce hypersensitivity reactions. This review gives an overview of the effects of chromium on the immune system of the body. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2002.tb00596.x |
| format | Article |
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Chromium is a naturally occurring heavy metal found commonly in the environment in trivalent, Cr(III), and hexavalent, Cr(VI), forms. Cr(VI) compounds have been declared as a potent occupational carcinogen among workers in chrome plating, stainless steel, and pigment industries. The reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) results in the formation of reactive intermediates that together with oxidative stress oxidative tissue damage and a cascade of cellular events including modulation of apoptosis regulatory gene p53, contribute to the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of Cr(VI)-containing compounds. On the other hand, chromium is an essential nutrient required to promote the action of insulin in body tissues so that the body can use sugars, proteins and fats. Chromium is of significant importance in altering the immune response by immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive processes as shown by its effects on T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, cytokine production and the immune response that may induce hypersensitivity reactions. This review gives an overview of the effects of chromium on the immune system of the body.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0928-8244</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1574-695X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2049-632X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2002.tb00596.x</identifier><identifier>PMID: 12208600</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Animals ; Apoptosis ; Apoptosis - drug effects ; B lymphocyte ; Biological and medical sciences ; Carcinogenicity ; Carcinogens ; Chromium ; Chromium - chemistry ; Chromium - pharmacology ; Chromium - toxicity ; Chromium plating ; Cytokines - biosynthesis ; Cytotoxicity ; Drug Hypersensitivity - etiology ; Fats ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Fundamental immunology ; Genotoxicity ; Heavy metals ; Hexavalent chromium ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Immune response ; Immune system ; Immune System - drug effects ; Immunobiology ; Immunostimulation ; Insulin ; Intermediates ; Lymphocytes ; Lymphocytes - drug effects ; Lymphocytes - immunology ; Lymphocytes B ; Lymphocytes T ; Macrophage ; Macrophages ; Macrophages - drug effects ; Macrophages - immunology ; Micronutrient ; Modulation of the immune response (stimulation, suppression) ; Oxidative stress ; p53 Protein ; Stainless steel ; Stainless steels ; Sugar ; T lymphocyte ; Tissues ; Toxicity ; Trivalent chromium</subject><ispartof>FEMS immunology and medical microbiology, 2002-09, Vol.34 (1), p.1-7</ispartof><rights>2002 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. 2002</rights><rights>2003 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright 2002 Federation of European Microbiological Societies</rights><rights>2002 Federation of European Microbiological Societies.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4021-3e7237de4d9a8525f7001c9b8c2bc3a5c5636ca7d9fef34e34d21ec96fe1a3ac3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4021-3e7237de4d9a8525f7001c9b8c2bc3a5c5636ca7d9fef34e34d21ec96fe1a3ac3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111%2Fj.1574-695X.2002.tb00596.x$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Fj.1574-695X.2002.tb00596.x$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>315,781,785,1418,27929,27930,45579,45580</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=13886819$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12208600$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Shrivastava, Richa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Upreti, R.K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Seth, P.K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chaturvedi, U.C.</creatorcontrib><title>Effects of chromium on the immune system</title><title>FEMS immunology and medical microbiology</title><addtitle>FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol</addtitle><description>Abstract
Chromium is a naturally occurring heavy metal found commonly in the environment in trivalent, Cr(III), and hexavalent, Cr(VI), forms. Cr(VI) compounds have been declared as a potent occupational carcinogen among workers in chrome plating, stainless steel, and pigment industries. The reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) results in the formation of reactive intermediates that together with oxidative stress oxidative tissue damage and a cascade of cellular events including modulation of apoptosis regulatory gene p53, contribute to the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of Cr(VI)-containing compounds. On the other hand, chromium is an essential nutrient required to promote the action of insulin in body tissues so that the body can use sugars, proteins and fats. Chromium is of significant importance in altering the immune response by immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive processes as shown by its effects on T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, cytokine production and the immune response that may induce hypersensitivity reactions. This review gives an overview of the effects of chromium on the immune system of the body.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Apoptosis</subject><subject>Apoptosis - drug effects</subject><subject>B lymphocyte</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Carcinogenicity</subject><subject>Carcinogens</subject><subject>Chromium</subject><subject>Chromium - chemistry</subject><subject>Chromium - pharmacology</subject><subject>Chromium - toxicity</subject><subject>Chromium plating</subject><subject>Cytokines - biosynthesis</subject><subject>Cytotoxicity</subject><subject>Drug Hypersensitivity - etiology</subject><subject>Fats</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Fundamental immunology</subject><subject>Genotoxicity</subject><subject>Heavy metals</subject><subject>Hexavalent chromium</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hypersensitivity</subject><subject>Immune response</subject><subject>Immune system</subject><subject>Immune System - drug effects</subject><subject>Immunobiology</subject><subject>Immunostimulation</subject><subject>Insulin</subject><subject>Intermediates</subject><subject>Lymphocytes</subject><subject>Lymphocytes - drug effects</subject><subject>Lymphocytes - immunology</subject><subject>Lymphocytes B</subject><subject>Lymphocytes T</subject><subject>Macrophage</subject><subject>Macrophages</subject><subject>Macrophages - drug effects</subject><subject>Macrophages - immunology</subject><subject>Micronutrient</subject><subject>Modulation of the immune response (stimulation, suppression)</subject><subject>Oxidative stress</subject><subject>p53 Protein</subject><subject>Stainless steel</subject><subject>Stainless steels</subject><subject>Sugar</subject><subject>T lymphocyte</subject><subject>Tissues</subject><subject>Toxicity</subject><subject>Trivalent chromium</subject><issn>0928-8244</issn><issn>1574-695X</issn><issn>2049-632X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2002</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqVkM1q3DAUhUVJaKZpX6GYhpRs7F79WgrZlJBJAhOyaaE7oZGviAf_TC2bZN6-NmMSKMki2mih79x79BHyjUJGx_Njk1GZi1QZ-SdjACzr1wDSqOzpA1k8Px2QBRimU82EOCKfYtwAgDAAH8kRZQy0AliQs6sQ0PcxaUPiH7q2Loc6aZukf8CkrOuhwSTuYo_1Z3IYXBXxy3wfk9_Lq1-XN-nq_vr28ucq9QIYTTnmjOcFisI4LZkMOQD1Zq09W3vupJeKK-_ywgQMXCAXBaPojQpIHXeeH5Pv-7nbrv07YOxtXUaPVeUabIdoqZaGKcFH8OQ_cNMOXTN2s4xTCkoApSN1vqd818bYYbDbrqxdt7MU7GTTbuykzE7K7GTTzjbt0xj-Oq8Y1jUWL9FZ3wiczoCL3lWhc40v4wvHtVaampG72HOPZYW7d1Swy9u76RNyH2-H7Rvh9LX-_wCET5-j</recordid><startdate>200209</startdate><enddate>200209</enddate><creator>Shrivastava, Richa</creator><creator>Upreti, R.K.</creator><creator>Seth, P.K.</creator><creator>Chaturvedi, U.C.</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>Blackwell</general><general>Oxford University Press</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>7U7</scope></search><sort><creationdate>200209</creationdate><title>Effects of chromium on the immune system</title><author>Shrivastava, Richa ; Upreti, R.K. ; Seth, P.K. ; Chaturvedi, U.C.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4021-3e7237de4d9a8525f7001c9b8c2bc3a5c5636ca7d9fef34e34d21ec96fe1a3ac3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2002</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Apoptosis</topic><topic>Apoptosis - drug effects</topic><topic>B lymphocyte</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Carcinogenicity</topic><topic>Carcinogens</topic><topic>Chromium</topic><topic>Chromium - chemistry</topic><topic>Chromium - pharmacology</topic><topic>Chromium - toxicity</topic><topic>Chromium plating</topic><topic>Cytokines - biosynthesis</topic><topic>Cytotoxicity</topic><topic>Drug Hypersensitivity - etiology</topic><topic>Fats</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Fundamental immunology</topic><topic>Genotoxicity</topic><topic>Heavy metals</topic><topic>Hexavalent chromium</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hypersensitivity</topic><topic>Immune response</topic><topic>Immune system</topic><topic>Immune System - drug effects</topic><topic>Immunobiology</topic><topic>Immunostimulation</topic><topic>Insulin</topic><topic>Intermediates</topic><topic>Lymphocytes</topic><topic>Lymphocytes - drug effects</topic><topic>Lymphocytes - immunology</topic><topic>Lymphocytes B</topic><topic>Lymphocytes T</topic><topic>Macrophage</topic><topic>Macrophages</topic><topic>Macrophages - drug effects</topic><topic>Macrophages - immunology</topic><topic>Micronutrient</topic><topic>Modulation of the immune response (stimulation, suppression)</topic><topic>Oxidative stress</topic><topic>p53 Protein</topic><topic>Stainless steel</topic><topic>Stainless steels</topic><topic>Sugar</topic><topic>T lymphocyte</topic><topic>Tissues</topic><topic>Toxicity</topic><topic>Trivalent chromium</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Shrivastava, Richa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Upreti, R.K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Seth, P.K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chaturvedi, U.C.</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><jtitle>FEMS immunology and medical microbiology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Shrivastava, Richa</au><au>Upreti, R.K.</au><au>Seth, P.K.</au><au>Chaturvedi, U.C.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Effects of chromium on the immune system</atitle><jtitle>FEMS immunology and medical microbiology</jtitle><addtitle>FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol</addtitle><date>2002-09</date><risdate>2002</risdate><volume>34</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>1</spage><epage>7</epage><pages>1-7</pages><issn>0928-8244</issn><eissn>1574-695X</eissn><eissn>2049-632X</eissn><abstract>Abstract
Chromium is a naturally occurring heavy metal found commonly in the environment in trivalent, Cr(III), and hexavalent, Cr(VI), forms. Cr(VI) compounds have been declared as a potent occupational carcinogen among workers in chrome plating, stainless steel, and pigment industries. The reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) results in the formation of reactive intermediates that together with oxidative stress oxidative tissue damage and a cascade of cellular events including modulation of apoptosis regulatory gene p53, contribute to the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of Cr(VI)-containing compounds. On the other hand, chromium is an essential nutrient required to promote the action of insulin in body tissues so that the body can use sugars, proteins and fats. Chromium is of significant importance in altering the immune response by immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive processes as shown by its effects on T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, cytokine production and the immune response that may induce hypersensitivity reactions. This review gives an overview of the effects of chromium on the immune system of the body.</abstract><cop>Oxford, UK</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><pmid>12208600</pmid><doi>10.1111/j.1574-695X.2002.tb00596.x</doi><tpages>7</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; Oxford University Press Journals All Titles (1996-Current); Wiley Online Library All Journals; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Animals Apoptosis Apoptosis - drug effects B lymphocyte Biological and medical sciences Carcinogenicity Carcinogens Chromium Chromium - chemistry Chromium - pharmacology Chromium - toxicity Chromium plating Cytokines - biosynthesis Cytotoxicity Drug Hypersensitivity - etiology Fats Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Fundamental immunology Genotoxicity Heavy metals Hexavalent chromium Humans Hypersensitivity Immune response Immune system Immune System - drug effects Immunobiology Immunostimulation Insulin Intermediates Lymphocytes Lymphocytes - drug effects Lymphocytes - immunology Lymphocytes B Lymphocytes T Macrophage Macrophages Macrophages - drug effects Macrophages - immunology Micronutrient Modulation of the immune response (stimulation, suppression) Oxidative stress p53 Protein Stainless steel Stainless steels Sugar T lymphocyte Tissues Toxicity Trivalent chromium |
| title | Effects of chromium on the immune system |
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