Role of resting cysts in Chilean Alexandrium catenella dinoflagellate blooms revisited
The detection of sparse Alexandrium catenella-resting cysts in sediments of southern Chilean fjords has cast doubts on their importance in the recurrence of massive toxic dinoflagellate blooms in the region. The role of resting cysts and the existence of different regional Chilean populations was st...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Harmful algae 2016-05, Vol.55, p.238-249 |
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| creator | Mardones, Jorge I. Bolch, Chris Guzmán, Leonardo Paredes, Javier Varela, Daniel Hallegraeff, Gustaaf M. |
| description | The detection of sparse Alexandrium catenella-resting cysts in sediments of southern Chilean fjords has cast doubts on their importance in the recurrence of massive toxic dinoflagellate blooms in the region. The role of resting cysts and the existence of different regional Chilean populations was studied by culturing and genetic approaches to define: (1) cyst production; (2) dormancy period; (3) excystment success; (4) offspring viability and (5) strain mating compatibility. This study newly revealed a short cyst dormancy (minimum 69 days), the role of key abiotic factors (in decreasing order salinity, irradiance, temperature and nutrients) controlling cyst germination (max. 60%) and germling growth rates (up to 0.36–0.52div.day−1). Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) characterization showed significant differences in genetic distances (GD) among A. catenella populations that were primarily determined by the geographical origin of isolates and most likely driven by oceanographic dispersal barriers. A complex heterothallic mating system pointed to variable reproductive compatibility (RCs) among Chilean strains that was high among northern (Los Lagos/North Aysén) and southern populations (Magallanes), but limited among the genetically differentiated central (South Aysén) populations. Field cyst surveys after a massive 2009 bloom event revealed the existence of exceptional high cyst densities in particular areas of the fjords (max. 14.627cystscm−3), which contrast with low cyst concentrations ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.hal.2016.03.020 |
| format | Article |
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The role of resting cysts and the existence of different regional Chilean populations was studied by culturing and genetic approaches to define: (1) cyst production; (2) dormancy period; (3) excystment success; (4) offspring viability and (5) strain mating compatibility. This study newly revealed a short cyst dormancy (minimum 69 days), the role of key abiotic factors (in decreasing order salinity, irradiance, temperature and nutrients) controlling cyst germination (max. 60%) and germling growth rates (up to 0.36–0.52div.day−1). Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) characterization showed significant differences in genetic distances (GD) among A. catenella populations that were primarily determined by the geographical origin of isolates and most likely driven by oceanographic dispersal barriers. A complex heterothallic mating system pointed to variable reproductive compatibility (RCs) among Chilean strains that was high among northern (Los Lagos/North Aysén) and southern populations (Magallanes), but limited among the genetically differentiated central (South Aysén) populations. Field cyst surveys after a massive 2009 bloom event revealed the existence of exceptional high cyst densities in particular areas of the fjords (max. 14.627cystscm−3), which contrast with low cyst concentrations (<221.3cystscm−3) detected by previous oceanographic campaigns. In conclusion, the present study suggests that A. catenella resting cysts play a more important role in the success of this species in Chilean fjords than previously thought. Results from in vitro experiments suggest that pelagic–benthic processes can maintain year-round low vegetative cell concentrations in the water column, but also can explain the detection of high cysts aggregations after the 2009-bloom event. Regional drivers that lead to massive outbreaks, however, are still unknown but potential scenarios are discussed.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1568-9883</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1878-1470</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.03.020</identifier><identifier>PMID: 28073537</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Netherlands: Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>AFLPs ; Alexandrium catenella ; algae ; amplified fragment length polymorphism ; Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; Catenella ; Chile ; Chilean cysts field data ; Dinoflagellida - cytology ; Dinoflagellida - physiology ; dormancy ; Estuaries ; Eutrophication - physiology ; excystation ; Excystment ; genetic distance ; genetic variation ; germination ; heterothallism ; in vitro studies ; light intensity ; Mandatory dormancy ; Mating compatibility/encystment ; nutrients ; progeny ; provenance ; salinity ; sediments ; surveys ; temperature ; toxicity ; viability</subject><ispartof>Harmful algae, 2016-05, Vol.55, p.238-249</ispartof><rights>2016 Elsevier B.V.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. 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The role of resting cysts and the existence of different regional Chilean populations was studied by culturing and genetic approaches to define: (1) cyst production; (2) dormancy period; (3) excystment success; (4) offspring viability and (5) strain mating compatibility. This study newly revealed a short cyst dormancy (minimum 69 days), the role of key abiotic factors (in decreasing order salinity, irradiance, temperature and nutrients) controlling cyst germination (max. 60%) and germling growth rates (up to 0.36–0.52div.day−1). Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) characterization showed significant differences in genetic distances (GD) among A. catenella populations that were primarily determined by the geographical origin of isolates and most likely driven by oceanographic dispersal barriers. A complex heterothallic mating system pointed to variable reproductive compatibility (RCs) among Chilean strains that was high among northern (Los Lagos/North Aysén) and southern populations (Magallanes), but limited among the genetically differentiated central (South Aysén) populations. Field cyst surveys after a massive 2009 bloom event revealed the existence of exceptional high cyst densities in particular areas of the fjords (max. 14.627cystscm−3), which contrast with low cyst concentrations (<221.3cystscm−3) detected by previous oceanographic campaigns. In conclusion, the present study suggests that A. catenella resting cysts play a more important role in the success of this species in Chilean fjords than previously thought. Results from in vitro experiments suggest that pelagic–benthic processes can maintain year-round low vegetative cell concentrations in the water column, but also can explain the detection of high cysts aggregations after the 2009-bloom event. Regional drivers that lead to massive outbreaks, however, are still unknown but potential scenarios are discussed.</description><subject>AFLPs</subject><subject>Alexandrium catenella</subject><subject>algae</subject><subject>amplified fragment length polymorphism</subject><subject>Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis</subject><subject>Catenella</subject><subject>Chile</subject><subject>Chilean cysts field data</subject><subject>Dinoflagellida - cytology</subject><subject>Dinoflagellida - physiology</subject><subject>dormancy</subject><subject>Estuaries</subject><subject>Eutrophication - physiology</subject><subject>excystation</subject><subject>Excystment</subject><subject>genetic distance</subject><subject>genetic variation</subject><subject>germination</subject><subject>heterothallism</subject><subject>in vitro studies</subject><subject>light intensity</subject><subject>Mandatory dormancy</subject><subject>Mating compatibility/encystment</subject><subject>nutrients</subject><subject>progeny</subject><subject>provenance</subject><subject>salinity</subject><subject>sediments</subject><subject>surveys</subject><subject>temperature</subject><subject>toxicity</subject><subject>viability</subject><issn>1568-9883</issn><issn>1878-1470</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2016</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkE1P3DAQhq2KqsDSH9AL-Mgl6djOhyNOaEUL0kqVWujVcpzJ4pUTL3Z21f33dbSUIz15LD3zat6HkC8Mcgas-rrJn7XLeRpzEDlw-EDOmKxlxooaTtJcVjJrpBSn5DzGDQBnAPCJnHIJtShFfUZ-__QOqe9pwDjZcU3NIU6R2pEun61DPdJbh3_02AW7G6jRE47onKadHX3v9Hr-TEhb5_0QU8jeRjthd0E-9tpF_Pz6LsjTt7vH5X22-vH9YXm7ykzBYMpEXRrdsAbaCgTrmZCVFB2UBjutTc8LNBw6rgsJrRYVGGwLBGi4lmXNJBcLcn3M3Qb_sksV1GCjmY8a0e-iYomrU9EG_o8mqKmgKsqEsiNqgo8xYK-2wQ46HBQDNZtXG5XMq9m8AqGS-bRz-Rq_awfs3jb-qU7A1RHotVd6HWxUT7_mBAAmU-hc5uZIYDK2txhUNBbHJMMGNJPqvH3ngL8IbpxY</recordid><startdate>20160501</startdate><enddate>20160501</enddate><creator>Mardones, Jorge I.</creator><creator>Bolch, Chris</creator><creator>Guzmán, Leonardo</creator><creator>Paredes, Javier</creator><creator>Varela, Daniel</creator><creator>Hallegraeff, Gustaaf M.</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TN</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>H95</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20160501</creationdate><title>Role of resting cysts in Chilean Alexandrium catenella dinoflagellate blooms revisited</title><author>Mardones, Jorge I. ; Bolch, Chris ; Guzmán, Leonardo ; Paredes, Javier ; Varela, Daniel ; Hallegraeff, Gustaaf M.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c410t-375ca9190b6031f138683d05cedaacf24ec20d2a480ba360ceb4e0092a8571823</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2016</creationdate><topic>AFLPs</topic><topic>Alexandrium catenella</topic><topic>algae</topic><topic>amplified fragment length polymorphism</topic><topic>Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis</topic><topic>Catenella</topic><topic>Chile</topic><topic>Chilean cysts field data</topic><topic>Dinoflagellida - cytology</topic><topic>Dinoflagellida - physiology</topic><topic>dormancy</topic><topic>Estuaries</topic><topic>Eutrophication - physiology</topic><topic>excystation</topic><topic>Excystment</topic><topic>genetic distance</topic><topic>genetic variation</topic><topic>germination</topic><topic>heterothallism</topic><topic>in vitro studies</topic><topic>light intensity</topic><topic>Mandatory dormancy</topic><topic>Mating compatibility/encystment</topic><topic>nutrients</topic><topic>progeny</topic><topic>provenance</topic><topic>salinity</topic><topic>sediments</topic><topic>surveys</topic><topic>temperature</topic><topic>toxicity</topic><topic>viability</topic><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Mardones, Jorge I.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bolch, Chris</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Guzmán, Leonardo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Paredes, Javier</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Varela, Daniel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hallegraeff, Gustaaf M.</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Oceanic Abstracts</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 1: Biological Sciences & Living Resources</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Harmful algae</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Mardones, Jorge I.</au><au>Bolch, Chris</au><au>Guzmán, Leonardo</au><au>Paredes, Javier</au><au>Varela, Daniel</au><au>Hallegraeff, Gustaaf M.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Role of resting cysts in Chilean Alexandrium catenella dinoflagellate blooms revisited</atitle><jtitle>Harmful algae</jtitle><addtitle>Harmful Algae</addtitle><date>2016-05-01</date><risdate>2016</risdate><volume>55</volume><spage>238</spage><epage>249</epage><pages>238-249</pages><issn>1568-9883</issn><eissn>1878-1470</eissn><abstract>The detection of sparse Alexandrium catenella-resting cysts in sediments of southern Chilean fjords has cast doubts on their importance in the recurrence of massive toxic dinoflagellate blooms in the region. 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A complex heterothallic mating system pointed to variable reproductive compatibility (RCs) among Chilean strains that was high among northern (Los Lagos/North Aysén) and southern populations (Magallanes), but limited among the genetically differentiated central (South Aysén) populations. Field cyst surveys after a massive 2009 bloom event revealed the existence of exceptional high cyst densities in particular areas of the fjords (max. 14.627cystscm−3), which contrast with low cyst concentrations (<221.3cystscm−3) detected by previous oceanographic campaigns. In conclusion, the present study suggests that A. catenella resting cysts play a more important role in the success of this species in Chilean fjords than previously thought. Results from in vitro experiments suggest that pelagic–benthic processes can maintain year-round low vegetative cell concentrations in the water column, but also can explain the detection of high cysts aggregations after the 2009-bloom event. Regional drivers that lead to massive outbreaks, however, are still unknown but potential scenarios are discussed.</abstract><cop>Netherlands</cop><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><pmid>28073537</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.hal.2016.03.020</doi><tpages>12</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | AFLPs Alexandrium catenella algae amplified fragment length polymorphism Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis Catenella Chile Chilean cysts field data Dinoflagellida - cytology Dinoflagellida - physiology dormancy Estuaries Eutrophication - physiology excystation Excystment genetic distance genetic variation germination heterothallism in vitro studies light intensity Mandatory dormancy Mating compatibility/encystment nutrients progeny provenance salinity sediments surveys temperature toxicity viability |
| title | Role of resting cysts in Chilean Alexandrium catenella dinoflagellate blooms revisited |
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