Effects of high-intensity training on cardiovascular risk factors in premenopausal and postmenopausal women

Background Menopause is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and the causal factors have been proposed to be the loss of estrogen and the subsequent alterations of the hormonal milieu. However, which factors contribute to the deterioration of cardiometabolic health in postmenopausal women is debated as the menopausal transition is also associated with increased age and fat mass. Furthermore, indications of reduced cardiometabolic adaptations to exercise in postmenopausal women add to the adverse health profile. Objective We sought to evaluate risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in late premenopausal and early postmenopausal women, matched by age and body composition, and investigate the effect of high-intensity training. Study Design A 3-month high-intensity aerobic training intervention, involving healthy, nonobese, late premenopausal (n = 40) and early postmenopausal (n = 39) women was conducted and anthropometrics, body composition, blood pressure, lipid profile, glucose tolerance, and maximal oxygen consumption were determined at baseline and after the intervention. Results At baseline, the groups matched in anthropometrics and body composition, and only differed by 4.2 years in age (mean [95% confidence limits] 49.2 [48.5-49.9] vs 53.4 [52.4-54.4] years). Time since last menstrual period for the postmenopausal women was (mean [95% confidence limits] 3.1 [2.6-3.7] years). Hormonal levels (estrogen, follicle stimulation hormone, luteinizing hormone) confirmed menopausal status. At baseline the postmenopausal women had higher total cholesterol ( P < .001), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( P < .05), and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( P < .001) than the premenopausal women. The training intervention reduced body weight ( P < .01), waist circumference ( P < .01), and improved body composition by increasing lean body mass ( P < .001) and decreasing fat mass ( P < .001) similarly in both groups. Moreover, training resulted in lower diastolic blood pressure ( P < .05), resting heart rate ( P < .001), total cholesterol ( P < .01), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( P < .01), total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol index ( P < .01), and improved plasma insulin concentration during the oral glucose tolerance test ( P < .05) in both groups. Conclusion Cardiovascular risk factors are similar in late premenopausal and early postmenopausal women, matched by age and body composition, with the