A review of biophysical and socio-economic effects of unconventional oil and gas extraction – Implications for South Africa

The impacts associated with unconventional oil and gas (UOG) extraction will be cumulative in nature and will most likely occur on a regional scale, highlighting the importance of using strategic decision-making and management tools. Managing possible impacts responsibly is extremely important in a water scarce country such as South Africa, versus countries where more water may be available for UOG extraction activities. This review article explains the possible biophysical and socio-economic impacts associated with UOG extraction within the South African context and how these complex impacts interlink. Relevant policy and governance frameworks to manage these impacts are also highlighted. •Unconventional oil and gas extraction impacts are cumulative and may occur on a regional scale.•The nature of the impacts highlights the importance of using strategic environmental decision-making and management tools.•Managing possible impacts responsibly is extremely important in a water scarce country such as South Africa.•This review article explains the possible biophysical and socio-economic impacts within the South African context.•Policy and governance frameworks to manage these impacts are also highlighted.