Drinking water treatment with ultraviolet light for travelers – Evaluation of a mobile lightweight system
Summary Background The SteriPEN® is a handheld device for disinfecting water with ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The manufacturer claims a reduction of at least 99.9% of bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. The present study intends to verify the general effectiveness of the device. Furthermore, the influe...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Travel medicine and infectious disease 2015-11, Vol.13 (6), p.466-474 |
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| creator | Timmermann, Lisa F Ritter, Klaus Hillebrandt, David Küpper, Thomas |
| description | Summary Background The SteriPEN® is a handheld device for disinfecting water with ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The manufacturer claims a reduction of at least 99.9% of bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. The present study intends to verify the general effectiveness of the device. Furthermore, the influence of bottle geometry and water movement is examined and the issue of user safety with regard to UV-C radiation is addressed. Methods The device was applied on water containing a known number of microorganisms ( Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , and the spore of Geobacillus stearothermophilus ) and the survival rate was examined. Three different types of bottles commonly used among travelers served as test containers. All tests were conducted with and without agitating the water during irradiation. Furthermore, a spectral analysis was performed on the light of the device. Results The SteriPEN® reached a mean reduction of more than 99.99% of bacteria and 99.57% of the spores when applied correctly. However, the results of the trials without agitating the water only yielded a 94.98% germ reduction. The device's maximal radiation intensity lies at 254 nm which is the wavelength most efficient in inactivating bacteria. The UV-C fraction is filtered out completely by common bottle materials. However, when applied in larger containers a portion of the UV-C rays exits the water surface. Conclusions If applied according to the instructions the device manages a satisfactory inactivation of bacteria. However, it bears the danger of user errors relevant to health. Therefore, education on the risks of incorrect application should be included in the travel medical consultation. Also there are still aspects that need to be subject to further independent research. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.tmaid.2015.10.005 |
| format | Article |
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The manufacturer claims a reduction of at least 99.9% of bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. The present study intends to verify the general effectiveness of the device. Furthermore, the influence of bottle geometry and water movement is examined and the issue of user safety with regard to UV-C radiation is addressed. Methods The device was applied on water containing a known number of microorganisms ( Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , and the spore of Geobacillus stearothermophilus ) and the survival rate was examined. Three different types of bottles commonly used among travelers served as test containers. All tests were conducted with and without agitating the water during irradiation. Furthermore, a spectral analysis was performed on the light of the device. Results The SteriPEN® reached a mean reduction of more than 99.99% of bacteria and 99.57% of the spores when applied correctly. However, the results of the trials without agitating the water only yielded a 94.98% germ reduction. The device's maximal radiation intensity lies at 254 nm which is the wavelength most efficient in inactivating bacteria. The UV-C fraction is filtered out completely by common bottle materials. However, when applied in larger containers a portion of the UV-C rays exits the water surface. Conclusions If applied according to the instructions the device manages a satisfactory inactivation of bacteria. However, it bears the danger of user errors relevant to health. Therefore, education on the risks of incorrect application should be included in the travel medical consultation. Also there are still aspects that need to be subject to further independent research.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1477-8939</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1873-0442</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2015.10.005</identifier><identifier>PMID: 26616307</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Netherlands: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Bacteria ; Containers ; Deoxyribonucleic acid ; Diarrhea - prevention & control ; Disinfection ; Disinfection - instrumentation ; Disinfection - methods ; DNA ; Drinking water ; Drinking Water - microbiology ; Drinking Water - parasitology ; Drinking Water - virology ; E coli ; Escherichia coli ; Escherichia coli - radiation effects ; Geobacillus ; Humans ; Inactivation ; Infectious Disease ; Iodine ; Irradiation ; Laboratories ; Light ; Methods ; Microorganisms ; Spectral analysis ; Spores - radiation effects ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Staphylococcus aureus - radiation effects ; Steripen ; Survival ; Travel ; Travel medicine ; Travelers׳ diarrhea ; Ultraviolet radiation ; Ultraviolet Rays ; UV radiation ; Water Purification - instrumentation ; Water Purification - methods ; Water treatment ; Waterborne Diseases - prevention & control ; Waterborne pathogens</subject><ispartof>Travel medicine and infectious disease, 2015-11, Vol.13 (6), p.466-474</ispartof><rights>The Authors</rights><rights>2016 The Authors</rights><rights>Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.</rights><rights>Copyright Elsevier Limited Nov 2015</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c520t-e95266dc25220f49726b148d7c8d4d48a54bc7f859294f5df3d0073ff60bb54f3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c520t-e95266dc25220f49726b148d7c8d4d48a54bc7f859294f5df3d0073ff60bb54f3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/1773194968?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,3550,27924,27925,45995,64385,64387,64389,72469</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26616307$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Timmermann, Lisa F</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ritter, Klaus</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hillebrandt, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Küpper, Thomas</creatorcontrib><title>Drinking water treatment with ultraviolet light for travelers – Evaluation of a mobile lightweight system</title><title>Travel medicine and infectious disease</title><addtitle>Travel Med Infect Dis</addtitle><description>Summary Background The SteriPEN® is a handheld device for disinfecting water with ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The manufacturer claims a reduction of at least 99.9% of bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. The present study intends to verify the general effectiveness of the device. Furthermore, the influence of bottle geometry and water movement is examined and the issue of user safety with regard to UV-C radiation is addressed. Methods The device was applied on water containing a known number of microorganisms ( Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , and the spore of Geobacillus stearothermophilus ) and the survival rate was examined. Three different types of bottles commonly used among travelers served as test containers. All tests were conducted with and without agitating the water during irradiation. Furthermore, a spectral analysis was performed on the light of the device. Results The SteriPEN® reached a mean reduction of more than 99.99% of bacteria and 99.57% of the spores when applied correctly. However, the results of the trials without agitating the water only yielded a 94.98% germ reduction. The device's maximal radiation intensity lies at 254 nm which is the wavelength most efficient in inactivating bacteria. The UV-C fraction is filtered out completely by common bottle materials. However, when applied in larger containers a portion of the UV-C rays exits the water surface. Conclusions If applied according to the instructions the device manages a satisfactory inactivation of bacteria. However, it bears the danger of user errors relevant to health. Therefore, education on the risks of incorrect application should be included in the travel medical consultation. Also there are still aspects that need to be subject to further independent research.</description><subject>Bacteria</subject><subject>Containers</subject><subject>Deoxyribonucleic acid</subject><subject>Diarrhea - prevention & control</subject><subject>Disinfection</subject><subject>Disinfection - instrumentation</subject><subject>Disinfection - methods</subject><subject>DNA</subject><subject>Drinking water</subject><subject>Drinking Water - microbiology</subject><subject>Drinking Water - parasitology</subject><subject>Drinking Water - virology</subject><subject>E coli</subject><subject>Escherichia coli</subject><subject>Escherichia coli - radiation effects</subject><subject>Geobacillus</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Inactivation</subject><subject>Infectious Disease</subject><subject>Iodine</subject><subject>Irradiation</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Light</subject><subject>Methods</subject><subject>Microorganisms</subject><subject>Spectral analysis</subject><subject>Spores - radiation effects</subject><subject>Staphylococcus aureus</subject><subject>Staphylococcus aureus - radiation effects</subject><subject>Steripen</subject><subject>Survival</subject><subject>Travel</subject><subject>Travel medicine</subject><subject>Travelers׳ diarrhea</subject><subject>Ultraviolet radiation</subject><subject>Ultraviolet Rays</subject><subject>UV radiation</subject><subject>Water Purification - instrumentation</subject><subject>Water Purification - methods</subject><subject>Water treatment</subject><subject>Waterborne Diseases - prevention & control</subject><subject>Waterborne pathogens</subject><issn>1477-8939</issn><issn>1873-0442</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNqFks1u1DAUhSMEoqXwBEjIEhs2GfwbxwuQqlJ-pEosAImd5TjXrWecpNjOjGbHO_CGPAlOp4DUTReWravvHPv63Kp6TvCKYNK8Xq_yYHy_opiIUllhLB5Ux6SVrMac04flzKWsW8XUUfUkpTXGTLScPa6OaNOQhmF5XG3eRT9u_HiJdiZDRDmCyQOMGe18vkJzyNFs_RQgo-AvrzJy0wKZLQSICf3--Qudb02YTfbTiCaHDBqmzgc44Du4EaV9yjA8rR45ExI8u91Pqm_vz7-efawvPn_4dHZ6UVtBca5BifK-3lJBKXZcSdp0hLe9tG3Pe94awTsrXSsUVdyJ3rEeY8mca3DXCe7YSfXq4Hsdpx8zpKwHnyyEYEaY5qRJy6kojqy9H5WCKFXWgr68g66nOY6lkUJJRhRXzUKxA2XjlFIEp6-jH0zca4L1Epte65vY9BLbUiyxFdWLW--5G6D_p_mbUwHeHAAo_7b1EHWyHkYLvY9gs-4nf88Fb-_obfCjtyZsYA_pfyc6UY31l2VylsEhAmMi-Xf2B89fv7I</recordid><startdate>20151101</startdate><enddate>20151101</enddate><creator>Timmermann, Lisa F</creator><creator>Ritter, Klaus</creator><creator>Hillebrandt, David</creator><creator>Küpper, Thomas</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><general>Elsevier Limited</general><scope>6I.</scope><scope>AAFTH</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88C</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AN0</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>H95</scope><scope>H97</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M0T</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7QH</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>7UA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20151101</creationdate><title>Drinking water treatment with ultraviolet light for travelers – Evaluation of a mobile lightweight system</title><author>Timmermann, Lisa F ; Ritter, Klaus ; Hillebrandt, David ; Küpper, Thomas</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c520t-e95266dc25220f49726b148d7c8d4d48a54bc7f859294f5df3d0073ff60bb54f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>Bacteria</topic><topic>Containers</topic><topic>Deoxyribonucleic acid</topic><topic>Diarrhea - prevention & control</topic><topic>Disinfection</topic><topic>Disinfection - instrumentation</topic><topic>Disinfection - methods</topic><topic>DNA</topic><topic>Drinking water</topic><topic>Drinking Water - microbiology</topic><topic>Drinking Water - parasitology</topic><topic>Drinking Water - virology</topic><topic>E coli</topic><topic>Escherichia coli</topic><topic>Escherichia coli - radiation effects</topic><topic>Geobacillus</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Inactivation</topic><topic>Infectious Disease</topic><topic>Iodine</topic><topic>Irradiation</topic><topic>Laboratories</topic><topic>Light</topic><topic>Methods</topic><topic>Microorganisms</topic><topic>Spectral analysis</topic><topic>Spores - radiation effects</topic><topic>Staphylococcus aureus</topic><topic>Staphylococcus aureus - radiation effects</topic><topic>Steripen</topic><topic>Survival</topic><topic>Travel</topic><topic>Travel medicine</topic><topic>Travelers׳ diarrhea</topic><topic>Ultraviolet radiation</topic><topic>Ultraviolet Rays</topic><topic>UV radiation</topic><topic>Water Purification - instrumentation</topic><topic>Water Purification - methods</topic><topic>Water treatment</topic><topic>Waterborne Diseases - prevention & control</topic><topic>Waterborne pathogens</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Timmermann, Lisa F</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ritter, Klaus</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hillebrandt, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Küpper, Thomas</creatorcontrib><collection>ScienceDirect Open Access Titles</collection><collection>Elsevier:ScienceDirect:Open Access</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Healthcare Administration Database (Alumni)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>British Nursing Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 1: Biological Sciences & Living Resources</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Healthcare Administration Database</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Research Library</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Aqualine</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Travel medicine and infectious disease</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Timmermann, Lisa F</au><au>Ritter, Klaus</au><au>Hillebrandt, David</au><au>Küpper, Thomas</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Drinking water treatment with ultraviolet light for travelers – Evaluation of a mobile lightweight system</atitle><jtitle>Travel medicine and infectious disease</jtitle><addtitle>Travel Med Infect Dis</addtitle><date>2015-11-01</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>13</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>466</spage><epage>474</epage><pages>466-474</pages><issn>1477-8939</issn><eissn>1873-0442</eissn><abstract>Summary Background The SteriPEN® is a handheld device for disinfecting water with ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The manufacturer claims a reduction of at least 99.9% of bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. The present study intends to verify the general effectiveness of the device. Furthermore, the influence of bottle geometry and water movement is examined and the issue of user safety with regard to UV-C radiation is addressed. Methods The device was applied on water containing a known number of microorganisms ( Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , and the spore of Geobacillus stearothermophilus ) and the survival rate was examined. Three different types of bottles commonly used among travelers served as test containers. All tests were conducted with and without agitating the water during irradiation. Furthermore, a spectral analysis was performed on the light of the device. Results The SteriPEN® reached a mean reduction of more than 99.99% of bacteria and 99.57% of the spores when applied correctly. However, the results of the trials without agitating the water only yielded a 94.98% germ reduction. The device's maximal radiation intensity lies at 254 nm which is the wavelength most efficient in inactivating bacteria. The UV-C fraction is filtered out completely by common bottle materials. However, when applied in larger containers a portion of the UV-C rays exits the water surface. Conclusions If applied according to the instructions the device manages a satisfactory inactivation of bacteria. However, it bears the danger of user errors relevant to health. Therefore, education on the risks of incorrect application should be included in the travel medical consultation. Also there are still aspects that need to be subject to further independent research.</abstract><cop>Netherlands</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>26616307</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.tmaid.2015.10.005</doi><tpages>9</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Bacteria Containers Deoxyribonucleic acid Diarrhea - prevention & control Disinfection Disinfection - instrumentation Disinfection - methods DNA Drinking water Drinking Water - microbiology Drinking Water - parasitology Drinking Water - virology E coli Escherichia coli Escherichia coli - radiation effects Geobacillus Humans Inactivation Infectious Disease Iodine Irradiation Laboratories Light Methods Microorganisms Spectral analysis Spores - radiation effects Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus - radiation effects Steripen Survival Travel Travel medicine Travelers׳ diarrhea Ultraviolet radiation Ultraviolet Rays UV radiation Water Purification - instrumentation Water Purification - methods Water treatment Waterborne Diseases - prevention & control Waterborne pathogens |
| title | Drinking water treatment with ultraviolet light for travelers – Evaluation of a mobile lightweight system |
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