Modulation of alternative pre-mRNA splicing in vivo by pinin

Pre-mRNA splicing occurs in a large macromolecular RNA–protein complex called the spliceosome. The major components of the spliceosome include snRNP and SR proteins. We have previously identified an SR-like protein, pinin (pnn), which is localized not only in nuclear speckles but also at desmosomes. The nuclear localization of pnn is a dynamic process because pnn can be found not only with SR proteins in nuclear speckles but also in enlarged speckles following treatment of cells with RNA polymerase II inhibitors, DRB, and α-amanitin. Using adenovirus E1A and chimeric calcitonin/ dhfr construct as a splicing reporter minigene in combination with cellular cotransfection, we found that pnn regulates alternative 5 ′ and 3 ′ splicing by decreasing the use of distal splice sites. Regulation of 5 ′ splice site choice was also observed for RNPS1, a general splicing activator that interacts with pnn in nuclear speckles. The regulatory ability of pnn in alternative 5 ′ splicing, however, was not dependent on RNPS1 and a pnn mutant, lacking the N-terminal 167 amino acids, behaved like a dominant negative species, inhibiting E1A splicing when applied in splicing assays. These results provide direct evidence that pnn functions as a splicing regulator which participates itself directly in splicing reaction or indirectly via other components of splicing machinery.