Statistical properties of superflares on solar-type stars based on 1-min cadence data
We searched for superflares on solar-type stars using Kepler data with 1-min sampling in order to detect superflares with a short duration. We found 187 superflares on 23 solar-type stars whose bolometric energy ranges from the order of 10 32 to 10 36 erg. Some superflares show multiple peaks with t...
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| creator | Maehara, Hiroyuki Shibayama, Takuya Notsu, Yuta Notsu, Shota Honda, Satoshi Nogami, Daisaku Shibata, Kazunari |
| description | We searched for superflares on solar-type stars using Kepler data with 1-min sampling in order to detect superflares with a short duration. We found 187 superflares on 23 solar-type stars whose bolometric energy ranges from the order of 10
32
to 10
36
erg. Some superflares show multiple peaks with the peak separation of the order of 100 to 1,000 s which is comparable to the periods of quasi-periodic pulsations in solar and stellar flares. Using these new data combined with the results from the data with 30-min sampling, we found that the occurrence frequency (dN/dE) of superflares as a function of flare energy (
E
) shows the power-law distribution (dN/dE∝
E
−
α
) with
α
∼−1.5 for 10
33
<
E |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1186/s40623-015-0217-z |
| format | Article |
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32
to 10
36
erg. Some superflares show multiple peaks with the peak separation of the order of 100 to 1,000 s which is comparable to the periods of quasi-periodic pulsations in solar and stellar flares. Using these new data combined with the results from the data with 30-min sampling, we found that the occurrence frequency (dN/dE) of superflares as a function of flare energy (
E
) shows the power-law distribution (dN/dE∝
E
−
α
) with
α
∼−1.5 for 10
33
<
E
<10
36
erg which is consistent with the previous results. The average occurrence rate of superflares with the energy of 10
33
erg which is equivalent to X100 solar flares is about once in 500 to 600 years. The upper limit of energy released by superflares is basically comparable to a fraction of the magnetic energy stored near starspots which is estimated from the photometry.
We also found that the duration of superflares (
τ
) increases with the flare energy (
E
) as
τ
∝
E
0.39 ± 0.03
. This can be explained if we assume the time scale of flares is determined by the Alfvén time.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1880-5981</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1880-5981</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1186/s40623-015-0217-z</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Earth and Environmental Science ; Earth Sciences ; Energy use ; Equivalence ; Extremely Severe Space Weather and Geomagnetically Induced Currents in Regions with Locally Heterogeneous Ground Resistivity ; Flares ; Frontier Letter ; Geology ; Geophysics/Geodesy ; Photometry ; Pulsation ; Sampling ; Stars ; Starspots</subject><ispartof>Earth, planets, and space, 2015-04, Vol.67 (1), p.1-10, Article 59</ispartof><rights>Maehara et al.; licensee Springer. 2015. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2015</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c589t-4d72a152d6488aff01736bce293f8e6a7aefe8a0112e300c3dcc748724e188ff3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c589t-4d72a152d6488aff01736bce293f8e6a7aefe8a0112e300c3dcc748724e188ff3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40623-015-0217-z$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-015-0217-z$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,860,27903,27904,41099,41467,42168,42536,51298,51555</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Maehara, Hiroyuki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shibayama, Takuya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Notsu, Yuta</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Notsu, Shota</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Honda, Satoshi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nogami, Daisaku</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shibata, Kazunari</creatorcontrib><title>Statistical properties of superflares on solar-type stars based on 1-min cadence data</title><title>Earth, planets, and space</title><addtitle>Earth Planet Sp</addtitle><description>We searched for superflares on solar-type stars using Kepler data with 1-min sampling in order to detect superflares with a short duration. We found 187 superflares on 23 solar-type stars whose bolometric energy ranges from the order of 10
32
to 10
36
erg. Some superflares show multiple peaks with the peak separation of the order of 100 to 1,000 s which is comparable to the periods of quasi-periodic pulsations in solar and stellar flares. Using these new data combined with the results from the data with 30-min sampling, we found that the occurrence frequency (dN/dE) of superflares as a function of flare energy (
E
) shows the power-law distribution (dN/dE∝
E
−
α
) with
α
∼−1.5 for 10
33
<
E
<10
36
erg which is consistent with the previous results. The average occurrence rate of superflares with the energy of 10
33
erg which is equivalent to X100 solar flares is about once in 500 to 600 years. The upper limit of energy released by superflares is basically comparable to a fraction of the magnetic energy stored near starspots which is estimated from the photometry.
We also found that the duration of superflares (
τ
) increases with the flare energy (
E
) as
τ
∝
E
0.39 ± 0.03
. This can be explained if we assume the time scale of flares is determined by the Alfvén time.</description><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subject>Energy use</subject><subject>Equivalence</subject><subject>Extremely Severe Space Weather and Geomagnetically Induced Currents in Regions with Locally Heterogeneous Ground Resistivity</subject><subject>Flares</subject><subject>Frontier Letter</subject><subject>Geology</subject><subject>Geophysics/Geodesy</subject><subject>Photometry</subject><subject>Pulsation</subject><subject>Sampling</subject><subject>Stars</subject><subject>Starspots</subject><issn>1880-5981</issn><issn>1880-5981</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>C6C</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkU1LxDAQhosouK7-AG8BL16i-WqbPcriFyx40D2HbDqRLt22ZtLD7q83pR4WQfCUGeZ5X2byZtk1Z3ec6-IeFSuEpIznlAle0sNJNuNaM5ovND89qs-zC8QtY5KpQs6y9Xu0scZYO9uQPnQ9hFgDks4THFLjGxvGtiXYpZLGfQ8Eow1INhahGiec7uqWOFtB64BUNtrL7MzbBuHq551n66fHj-ULXb09vy4fVtTlehGpqkpheS6qQmltvWe8lMXGgVhIr6GwpQUP2jLOBUjGnKycK5UuhYJ0j_dynt1OvmnzrwEwml2NDprGttANaLiWeZHzXKp_oOkftVILndCbX-i2G0KbDjFpQcVEcmSJ4hPlQocYwJs-1Dsb9oYzM2ZipkxMysSMmZhD0ohJg4ltPyEcOf8p-gZnvo6R</recordid><startdate>20150429</startdate><enddate>20150429</enddate><creator>Maehara, Hiroyuki</creator><creator>Shibayama, Takuya</creator><creator>Notsu, Yuta</creator><creator>Notsu, Shota</creator><creator>Honda, Satoshi</creator><creator>Nogami, Daisaku</creator><creator>Shibata, Kazunari</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>C6C</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20150429</creationdate><title>Statistical properties of superflares on solar-type stars based on 1-min cadence data</title><author>Maehara, Hiroyuki ; Shibayama, Takuya ; Notsu, Yuta ; Notsu, Shota ; Honda, Satoshi ; Nogami, Daisaku ; Shibata, Kazunari</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c589t-4d72a152d6488aff01736bce293f8e6a7aefe8a0112e300c3dcc748724e188ff3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Earth Sciences</topic><topic>Energy use</topic><topic>Equivalence</topic><topic>Extremely Severe Space Weather and Geomagnetically Induced Currents in Regions with Locally Heterogeneous Ground Resistivity</topic><topic>Flares</topic><topic>Frontier Letter</topic><topic>Geology</topic><topic>Geophysics/Geodesy</topic><topic>Photometry</topic><topic>Pulsation</topic><topic>Sampling</topic><topic>Stars</topic><topic>Starspots</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Maehara, Hiroyuki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shibayama, Takuya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Notsu, Yuta</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Notsu, Shota</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Honda, Satoshi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nogami, Daisaku</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shibata, Kazunari</creatorcontrib><collection>Springer Nature OA Free Journals</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Database</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><jtitle>Earth, planets, and space</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Maehara, Hiroyuki</au><au>Shibayama, Takuya</au><au>Notsu, Yuta</au><au>Notsu, Shota</au><au>Honda, Satoshi</au><au>Nogami, Daisaku</au><au>Shibata, Kazunari</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Statistical properties of superflares on solar-type stars based on 1-min cadence data</atitle><jtitle>Earth, planets, and space</jtitle><stitle>Earth Planet Sp</stitle><date>2015-04-29</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>67</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>1</spage><epage>10</epage><pages>1-10</pages><artnum>59</artnum><issn>1880-5981</issn><eissn>1880-5981</eissn><abstract>We searched for superflares on solar-type stars using Kepler data with 1-min sampling in order to detect superflares with a short duration. We found 187 superflares on 23 solar-type stars whose bolometric energy ranges from the order of 10
32
to 10
36
erg. Some superflares show multiple peaks with the peak separation of the order of 100 to 1,000 s which is comparable to the periods of quasi-periodic pulsations in solar and stellar flares. Using these new data combined with the results from the data with 30-min sampling, we found that the occurrence frequency (dN/dE) of superflares as a function of flare energy (
E
) shows the power-law distribution (dN/dE∝
E
−
α
) with
α
∼−1.5 for 10
33
<
E
<10
36
erg which is consistent with the previous results. The average occurrence rate of superflares with the energy of 10
33
erg which is equivalent to X100 solar flares is about once in 500 to 600 years. The upper limit of energy released by superflares is basically comparable to a fraction of the magnetic energy stored near starspots which is estimated from the photometry.
We also found that the duration of superflares (
τ
) increases with the flare energy (
E
) as
τ
∝
E
0.39 ± 0.03
. This can be explained if we assume the time scale of flares is determined by the Alfvén time.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><doi>10.1186/s40623-015-0217-z</doi><tpages>10</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1880-5981 |
| ispartof | Earth, planets, and space, 2015-04, Vol.67 (1), p.1-10, Article 59 |
| issn | 1880-5981 1880-5981 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_1835651534 |
| source | DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Springer Nature OA Free Journals; Springer Nature - Complete Springer Journals; Freely Accessible Japanese Titles; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Earth and Environmental Science Earth Sciences Energy use Equivalence Extremely Severe Space Weather and Geomagnetically Induced Currents in Regions with Locally Heterogeneous Ground Resistivity Flares Frontier Letter Geology Geophysics/Geodesy Photometry Pulsation Sampling Stars Starspots |
| title | Statistical properties of superflares on solar-type stars based on 1-min cadence data |
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