Incidence and Etiology of Sudden Cardiac Arrest and Death in High School Athletes in the United States
Abstract Objective To determine the incidence and etiology of sudden cardiac arrest and death (SCA/D) in US high school athletes. Patients and Methods A prospective media database of SCA/D was queried for cases aged 14 to 18 years from 7 states over 6 school years (September 1, 2007, to August 30, 2...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Mayo Clinic proceedings 2016-11, Vol.91 (11), p.1493-1502 |
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| creator | Harmon, Kimberly G., MD Asif, Irfan M., MD Maleszewski, Joseph J., MD Owens, David S., MD, MS Prutkin, Jordan M., MD, MHS Salerno, Jack C., MD Zigman, Monica L., MPH Ellenbogen, Rachel, MS Rao, Ashwin L., MD Ackerman, Michael J., MD, PhD Drezner, Jonathan A., MD |
| description | Abstract Objective To determine the incidence and etiology of sudden cardiac arrest and death (SCA/D) in US high school athletes. Patients and Methods A prospective media database of SCA/D was queried for cases aged 14 to 18 years from 7 states over 6 school years (September 1, 2007, to August 30, 2013). Event details were investigated to determine participation on a high school athletic team, sex, sport, and occurrence during school-sponsored activity or exertion. National sports participation numbers were used and a conversion factor was applied to account for multisport athletes. Autopsy reports were reviewed and cause of death was adjudicated by an expert panel. Results A total of 16,390,409 million athlete-seasons representing 6,974,640 athlete-years (AY) were examined, encompassing 36% of the total US high school athlete population. A total of 104 cases of SCA/D were identified (35 SCA with survival and 69 sudden cardiac deaths [SCDs]). The rate of SCD was 1:101,082 AY and of SCA/D 1:67,064 AY. Eighty-eight percent (92) of events occurred in male athletes. The rate of SCA/D in male athletes was 1:44,832 AY and in female athletes 1:237,510 AY (incidence rate ratio, 5.3; 95% CI, 2.9-10.6; P |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.07.021 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>gale_proqu</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_1835348617</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><galeid>A472436766</galeid><els_id>S0025619616304517</els_id><sourcerecordid>A472436766</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c581t-8768e99df734c71a0de46f5d3c71fa91aeaa28db86a9a1a412aa62c4fd0f00de3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqFkk1v1DAQhiMEotvCP0DIEhLqZYOdOHZyQVothVaqxGHp2Zrak42XrL3YDtL-exy2fPWCfLBm_Mx49L5TFK8YLRll4t2u3MPR60NZ5aiksqQVe1IsWMerZdNw8bRYUFo1S8E6cVacx7ijlMqu48-Ls0qKruokWxT9jdPWoNNIwBlylawf_fZIfE82k8kPZA3BWNBkFQLG9JP6gJAGYh25ttuBbPTg_UhWaRgxYZzzaUBy52xCQzYJcvJF8ayHMeLLh_uiuPt49WV9vbz9_Olmvbpd6qZladlK0WLXmV7WXEsG1CAXfWPqHPTQMUCAqjX3rYAOGHBWAYhK897Qnma4viguT30PwX-b8rxqb6PGcQSHfoqKtXVT81YwmdE3j9Cdn4LL082UZI3gNc1UeaK2MKKyrvcpgM7H4N5q77C3Ob_isuK1kELkgrd_FQwIYxqiH6csrIv_gvwE6uBjDNirQ7B7CEfFqJodVjt1cljNDisqVXY4l71-GHu636P5XfTL0gy8PwGYdf5uMaio7WywsQF1Usbb__3wuIEerbMaxq94xPhHJRUrRdVm3rJ5yZioKW-ysj8AlmHL1Q</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1837156430</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Incidence and Etiology of Sudden Cardiac Arrest and Death in High School Athletes in the United States</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Alma/SFX Local Collection</source><creator>Harmon, Kimberly G., MD ; Asif, Irfan M., MD ; Maleszewski, Joseph J., MD ; Owens, David S., MD, MS ; Prutkin, Jordan M., MD, MHS ; Salerno, Jack C., MD ; Zigman, Monica L., MPH ; Ellenbogen, Rachel, MS ; Rao, Ashwin L., MD ; Ackerman, Michael J., MD, PhD ; Drezner, Jonathan A., MD</creator><creatorcontrib>Harmon, Kimberly G., MD ; Asif, Irfan M., MD ; Maleszewski, Joseph J., MD ; Owens, David S., MD, MS ; Prutkin, Jordan M., MD, MHS ; Salerno, Jack C., MD ; Zigman, Monica L., MPH ; Ellenbogen, Rachel, MS ; Rao, Ashwin L., MD ; Ackerman, Michael J., MD, PhD ; Drezner, Jonathan A., MD</creatorcontrib><description>Abstract Objective To determine the incidence and etiology of sudden cardiac arrest and death (SCA/D) in US high school athletes. Patients and Methods A prospective media database of SCA/D was queried for cases aged 14 to 18 years from 7 states over 6 school years (September 1, 2007, to August 30, 2013). Event details were investigated to determine participation on a high school athletic team, sex, sport, and occurrence during school-sponsored activity or exertion. National sports participation numbers were used and a conversion factor was applied to account for multisport athletes. Autopsy reports were reviewed and cause of death was adjudicated by an expert panel. Results A total of 16,390,409 million athlete-seasons representing 6,974,640 athlete-years (AY) were examined, encompassing 36% of the total US high school athlete population. A total of 104 cases of SCA/D were identified (35 SCA with survival and 69 sudden cardiac deaths [SCDs]). The rate of SCD was 1:101,082 AY and of SCA/D 1:67,064 AY. Eighty-eight percent (92) of events occurred in male athletes. The rate of SCA/D in male athletes was 1:44,832 AY and in female athletes 1:237,510 AY (incidence rate ratio, 5.3; 95% CI, 2.9-10.6; P <.001). Men's basketball was the highest risk sport with an SCA/D incidence of 1:37,087 AY followed by men's football at 1:86,494 AY. Men's basketball and football athletes accounted for 57% (39) of deaths. Eighty percent of SCDs (55 of 69) were exertional and 55% (38 of 69) occurred while playing for a school-sponsored team. Autopsy reports were obtained in 73% (50) of cases. The most common findings of autopsy were idiopathic left ventricular hypertrophy or possible cardiomyopathy (13 of 50 [26%]), autopsy-negative sudden unexplained death (9 of 50 [18%]), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (7 of 50 [14%]), and myocarditis (7 of 50 [14%]). Conclusion The rate of SCA/D in male high school athletes was 1:44,832 AY, with almost half due to possible or confirmed cardiomyopathy disease. It is likely that many cases were not identified because of reliance on media reports, and these numbers represent a minimum estimate.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0025-6196</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1942-5546</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.07.021</identifier><identifier>PMID: 27692971</identifier><identifier>CODEN: MACPAJ</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Elsevier Inc</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Athletes ; Atrioventricular Node - pathology ; Cardiac arrest ; Cardiomyopathies - mortality ; Cardiomyopathies - pathology ; Coronary Vessel Anomalies - mortality ; Coronary Vessel Anomalies - pathology ; Death, Sudden, Cardiac - epidemiology ; Death, Sudden, Cardiac - etiology ; Development and progression ; Etiology (Medicine) ; Female ; Fibromuscular Dysplasia - mortality ; Fibromuscular Dysplasia - pathology ; Health aspects ; Humans ; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular - mortality ; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular - pathology ; Incidence ; Internal Medicine ; Investigations ; Male ; Myocardial Contusions - mortality ; Myocardial Contusions - pathology ; Myocarditis - mortality ; Myocarditis - pathology ; Prospective Studies ; Sports - statistics & numerical data ; Students ; Teenage athletes ; United States - epidemiology</subject><ispartof>Mayo Clinic proceedings, 2016-11, Vol.91 (11), p.1493-1502</ispartof><rights>Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research</rights><rights>2016 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research</rights><rights>Copyright © 2016 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2016 Frontline Medical Communications Inc.</rights><rights>Copyright Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research Nov 2016</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c581t-8768e99df734c71a0de46f5d3c71fa91aeaa28db86a9a1a412aa62c4fd0f00de3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c581t-8768e99df734c71a0de46f5d3c71fa91aeaa28db86a9a1a412aa62c4fd0f00de3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27692971$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Harmon, Kimberly G., MD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Asif, Irfan M., MD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Maleszewski, Joseph J., MD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Owens, David S., MD, MS</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Prutkin, Jordan M., MD, MHS</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Salerno, Jack C., MD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zigman, Monica L., MPH</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ellenbogen, Rachel, MS</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rao, Ashwin L., MD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ackerman, Michael J., MD, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Drezner, Jonathan A., MD</creatorcontrib><title>Incidence and Etiology of Sudden Cardiac Arrest and Death in High School Athletes in the United States</title><title>Mayo Clinic proceedings</title><addtitle>Mayo Clin Proc</addtitle><description>Abstract Objective To determine the incidence and etiology of sudden cardiac arrest and death (SCA/D) in US high school athletes. Patients and Methods A prospective media database of SCA/D was queried for cases aged 14 to 18 years from 7 states over 6 school years (September 1, 2007, to August 30, 2013). Event details were investigated to determine participation on a high school athletic team, sex, sport, and occurrence during school-sponsored activity or exertion. National sports participation numbers were used and a conversion factor was applied to account for multisport athletes. Autopsy reports were reviewed and cause of death was adjudicated by an expert panel. Results A total of 16,390,409 million athlete-seasons representing 6,974,640 athlete-years (AY) were examined, encompassing 36% of the total US high school athlete population. A total of 104 cases of SCA/D were identified (35 SCA with survival and 69 sudden cardiac deaths [SCDs]). The rate of SCD was 1:101,082 AY and of SCA/D 1:67,064 AY. Eighty-eight percent (92) of events occurred in male athletes. The rate of SCA/D in male athletes was 1:44,832 AY and in female athletes 1:237,510 AY (incidence rate ratio, 5.3; 95% CI, 2.9-10.6; P <.001). Men's basketball was the highest risk sport with an SCA/D incidence of 1:37,087 AY followed by men's football at 1:86,494 AY. Men's basketball and football athletes accounted for 57% (39) of deaths. Eighty percent of SCDs (55 of 69) were exertional and 55% (38 of 69) occurred while playing for a school-sponsored team. Autopsy reports were obtained in 73% (50) of cases. The most common findings of autopsy were idiopathic left ventricular hypertrophy or possible cardiomyopathy (13 of 50 [26%]), autopsy-negative sudden unexplained death (9 of 50 [18%]), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (7 of 50 [14%]), and myocarditis (7 of 50 [14%]). Conclusion The rate of SCA/D in male high school athletes was 1:44,832 AY, with almost half due to possible or confirmed cardiomyopathy disease. It is likely that many cases were not identified because of reliance on media reports, and these numbers represent a minimum estimate.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Athletes</subject><subject>Atrioventricular Node - pathology</subject><subject>Cardiac arrest</subject><subject>Cardiomyopathies - mortality</subject><subject>Cardiomyopathies - pathology</subject><subject>Coronary Vessel Anomalies - mortality</subject><subject>Coronary Vessel Anomalies - pathology</subject><subject>Death, Sudden, Cardiac - epidemiology</subject><subject>Death, Sudden, Cardiac - etiology</subject><subject>Development and progression</subject><subject>Etiology (Medicine)</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fibromuscular Dysplasia - mortality</subject><subject>Fibromuscular Dysplasia - pathology</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular - mortality</subject><subject>Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular - pathology</subject><subject>Incidence</subject><subject>Internal Medicine</subject><subject>Investigations</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Myocardial Contusions - mortality</subject><subject>Myocardial Contusions - pathology</subject><subject>Myocarditis - mortality</subject><subject>Myocarditis - pathology</subject><subject>Prospective Studies</subject><subject>Sports - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Students</subject><subject>Teenage athletes</subject><subject>United States - epidemiology</subject><issn>0025-6196</issn><issn>1942-5546</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2016</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkk1v1DAQhiMEotvCP0DIEhLqZYOdOHZyQVothVaqxGHp2Zrak42XrL3YDtL-exy2fPWCfLBm_Mx49L5TFK8YLRll4t2u3MPR60NZ5aiksqQVe1IsWMerZdNw8bRYUFo1S8E6cVacx7ijlMqu48-Ls0qKruokWxT9jdPWoNNIwBlylawf_fZIfE82k8kPZA3BWNBkFQLG9JP6gJAGYh25ttuBbPTg_UhWaRgxYZzzaUBy52xCQzYJcvJF8ayHMeLLh_uiuPt49WV9vbz9_Olmvbpd6qZladlK0WLXmV7WXEsG1CAXfWPqHPTQMUCAqjX3rYAOGHBWAYhK897Qnma4viguT30PwX-b8rxqb6PGcQSHfoqKtXVT81YwmdE3j9Cdn4LL082UZI3gNc1UeaK2MKKyrvcpgM7H4N5q77C3Ob_isuK1kELkgrd_FQwIYxqiH6csrIv_gvwE6uBjDNirQ7B7CEfFqJodVjt1cljNDisqVXY4l71-GHu636P5XfTL0gy8PwGYdf5uMaio7WywsQF1Usbb__3wuIEerbMaxq94xPhHJRUrRdVm3rJ5yZioKW-ysj8AlmHL1Q</recordid><startdate>20161101</startdate><enddate>20161101</enddate><creator>Harmon, Kimberly G., MD</creator><creator>Asif, Irfan M., MD</creator><creator>Maleszewski, Joseph J., MD</creator><creator>Owens, David S., MD, MS</creator><creator>Prutkin, Jordan M., MD, MHS</creator><creator>Salerno, Jack C., MD</creator><creator>Zigman, Monica L., MPH</creator><creator>Ellenbogen, Rachel, MS</creator><creator>Rao, Ashwin L., MD</creator><creator>Ackerman, Michael J., MD, PhD</creator><creator>Drezner, Jonathan A., MD</creator><general>Elsevier Inc</general><general>Frontline Medical Communications Inc</general><general>Elsevier Limited</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>4U-</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8AF</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9-</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0R</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>S0X</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20161101</creationdate><title>Incidence and Etiology of Sudden Cardiac Arrest and Death in High School Athletes in the United States</title><author>Harmon, Kimberly G., MD ; Asif, Irfan M., MD ; Maleszewski, Joseph J., MD ; Owens, David S., MD, MS ; Prutkin, Jordan M., MD, MHS ; Salerno, Jack C., MD ; Zigman, Monica L., MPH ; Ellenbogen, Rachel, MS ; Rao, Ashwin L., MD ; Ackerman, Michael J., MD, PhD ; Drezner, Jonathan A., MD</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c581t-8768e99df734c71a0de46f5d3c71fa91aeaa28db86a9a1a412aa62c4fd0f00de3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2016</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Athletes</topic><topic>Atrioventricular Node - pathology</topic><topic>Cardiac arrest</topic><topic>Cardiomyopathies - mortality</topic><topic>Cardiomyopathies - pathology</topic><topic>Coronary Vessel Anomalies - mortality</topic><topic>Coronary Vessel Anomalies - pathology</topic><topic>Death, Sudden, Cardiac - epidemiology</topic><topic>Death, Sudden, Cardiac - etiology</topic><topic>Development and progression</topic><topic>Etiology (Medicine)</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Fibromuscular Dysplasia - mortality</topic><topic>Fibromuscular Dysplasia - pathology</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular - mortality</topic><topic>Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular - pathology</topic><topic>Incidence</topic><topic>Internal Medicine</topic><topic>Investigations</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Myocardial Contusions - mortality</topic><topic>Myocardial Contusions - pathology</topic><topic>Myocarditis - mortality</topic><topic>Myocarditis - pathology</topic><topic>Prospective Studies</topic><topic>Sports - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Students</topic><topic>Teenage athletes</topic><topic>United States - epidemiology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Harmon, Kimberly G., MD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Asif, Irfan M., MD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Maleszewski, Joseph J., MD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Owens, David S., MD, MS</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Prutkin, Jordan M., MD, MHS</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Salerno, Jack C., MD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zigman, Monica L., MPH</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ellenbogen, Rachel, MS</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rao, Ashwin L., MD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ackerman, Michael J., MD, PhD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Drezner, Jonathan A., MD</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>University Readers</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>STEM Database</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>eLibrary</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Consumer Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Consumer Health Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>SIRS Editorial</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Mayo Clinic proceedings</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Harmon, Kimberly G., MD</au><au>Asif, Irfan M., MD</au><au>Maleszewski, Joseph J., MD</au><au>Owens, David S., MD, MS</au><au>Prutkin, Jordan M., MD, MHS</au><au>Salerno, Jack C., MD</au><au>Zigman, Monica L., MPH</au><au>Ellenbogen, Rachel, MS</au><au>Rao, Ashwin L., MD</au><au>Ackerman, Michael J., MD, PhD</au><au>Drezner, Jonathan A., MD</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Incidence and Etiology of Sudden Cardiac Arrest and Death in High School Athletes in the United States</atitle><jtitle>Mayo Clinic proceedings</jtitle><addtitle>Mayo Clin Proc</addtitle><date>2016-11-01</date><risdate>2016</risdate><volume>91</volume><issue>11</issue><spage>1493</spage><epage>1502</epage><pages>1493-1502</pages><issn>0025-6196</issn><eissn>1942-5546</eissn><coden>MACPAJ</coden><abstract>Abstract Objective To determine the incidence and etiology of sudden cardiac arrest and death (SCA/D) in US high school athletes. Patients and Methods A prospective media database of SCA/D was queried for cases aged 14 to 18 years from 7 states over 6 school years (September 1, 2007, to August 30, 2013). Event details were investigated to determine participation on a high school athletic team, sex, sport, and occurrence during school-sponsored activity or exertion. National sports participation numbers were used and a conversion factor was applied to account for multisport athletes. Autopsy reports were reviewed and cause of death was adjudicated by an expert panel. Results A total of 16,390,409 million athlete-seasons representing 6,974,640 athlete-years (AY) were examined, encompassing 36% of the total US high school athlete population. A total of 104 cases of SCA/D were identified (35 SCA with survival and 69 sudden cardiac deaths [SCDs]). The rate of SCD was 1:101,082 AY and of SCA/D 1:67,064 AY. Eighty-eight percent (92) of events occurred in male athletes. The rate of SCA/D in male athletes was 1:44,832 AY and in female athletes 1:237,510 AY (incidence rate ratio, 5.3; 95% CI, 2.9-10.6; P <.001). Men's basketball was the highest risk sport with an SCA/D incidence of 1:37,087 AY followed by men's football at 1:86,494 AY. Men's basketball and football athletes accounted for 57% (39) of deaths. Eighty percent of SCDs (55 of 69) were exertional and 55% (38 of 69) occurred while playing for a school-sponsored team. Autopsy reports were obtained in 73% (50) of cases. The most common findings of autopsy were idiopathic left ventricular hypertrophy or possible cardiomyopathy (13 of 50 [26%]), autopsy-negative sudden unexplained death (9 of 50 [18%]), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (7 of 50 [14%]), and myocarditis (7 of 50 [14%]). Conclusion The rate of SCA/D in male high school athletes was 1:44,832 AY, with almost half due to possible or confirmed cardiomyopathy disease. It is likely that many cases were not identified because of reliance on media reports, and these numbers represent a minimum estimate.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Elsevier Inc</pub><pmid>27692971</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.07.021</doi><tpages>10</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0025-6196 |
| ispartof | Mayo Clinic proceedings, 2016-11, Vol.91 (11), p.1493-1502 |
| issn | 0025-6196 1942-5546 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_1835348617 |
| source | MEDLINE; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Adolescent Athletes Atrioventricular Node - pathology Cardiac arrest Cardiomyopathies - mortality Cardiomyopathies - pathology Coronary Vessel Anomalies - mortality Coronary Vessel Anomalies - pathology Death, Sudden, Cardiac - epidemiology Death, Sudden, Cardiac - etiology Development and progression Etiology (Medicine) Female Fibromuscular Dysplasia - mortality Fibromuscular Dysplasia - pathology Health aspects Humans Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular - mortality Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular - pathology Incidence Internal Medicine Investigations Male Myocardial Contusions - mortality Myocardial Contusions - pathology Myocarditis - mortality Myocarditis - pathology Prospective Studies Sports - statistics & numerical data Students Teenage athletes United States - epidemiology |
| title | Incidence and Etiology of Sudden Cardiac Arrest and Death in High School Athletes in the United States |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-09T00%3A27%3A16IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_proqu&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Incidence%20and%20Etiology%20of%20Sudden%20Cardiac%20Arrest%20and%20Death%20in%20High%20School%20Athletes%20in%20the%20United%20States&rft.jtitle=Mayo%20Clinic%20proceedings&rft.au=Harmon,%20Kimberly%20G.,%20MD&rft.date=2016-11-01&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=11&rft.spage=1493&rft.epage=1502&rft.pages=1493-1502&rft.issn=0025-6196&rft.eissn=1942-5546&rft.coden=MACPAJ&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.07.021&rft_dat=%3Cgale_proqu%3EA472436766%3C/gale_proqu%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1837156430&rft_id=info:pmid/27692971&rft_galeid=A472436766&rft_els_id=S0025619616304517&rfr_iscdi=true |