Human T-lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 are rare among intravenous drug users in Eastern Europe
In Europe, human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) type 2 mainly occurs among intravenous drug users (IDUs) with prevalence up to 15% and HTLV-1 among general population with prevalence
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Infection, genetics and evolution genetics and evolution, 2016-09, Vol.43, p.83-85 |
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| container_title | Infection, genetics and evolution |
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| creator | Jõgeda, Ene-Ly Avi, Radko Pauskar, Merit Kallas, Eveli Karki, Tõnis Des Jarlais, Don Uusküla, Anneli Lutsar, Irja Huik, Kristi |
| description | In Europe, human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) type 2 mainly occurs among intravenous drug users (IDUs) with prevalence up to 15% and HTLV-1 among general population with prevalence |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.05.022 |
| format | Article |
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The study included 345 IDUs and 138 healthy volunteers. The presence of HTLV-1/HTLV-2 was determined by nested PCR; positive and negative controls were used in every PCR run.
The analysed IDUs resembled the IDUs of HIV epidemic in Estonia: mainly male (79%) with median age of 30years (interquartile range [IQR] 25–34), and prolonged duration of intravenous drug usage (11years; IQR 7–14). The prevalence exposure to blood-borne viral infections was high — 50% were HIV positive, 88% hepatitis C positive, 67% hepatitis B positive. Of IDUs, 64% reported receptive needle sharing in the past and 18% at least once a month during last six months. None of the IDUs carried HTLV-1 but there was a case of HTLV-2 (prevalence 0.3%; 95% CI 0.1–1.6). All healthy volunteers were HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 PCR negative.
This is the first study investigating the prevalence of HTLV-1/HTLV-2 among high risk population and healthy volunteers in Eastern European region. Our results suggest that despite other widely spread blood-borne infections (e.g. HIV, HBV, HCV) HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are rare among IDUs in Estonia.
•We examined 345 PWID and 138 healthy volunteers for HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infection.•We found all of the PWID and healthy volunteers to be negative for HTLV-1.•We found one PWID to be HTLV-2 positive; all healthy volunteers were negative.•All the figures were obtained by nested-PCR alone.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1567-1348</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1567-7257</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.05.022</identifier><identifier>PMID: 27223634</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Netherlands: Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>Adult ; at-risk population ; Blood-borne infection ; Co-infection ; Coinfection - epidemiology ; drugs ; Eastern European region ; Estonia ; Europe, Eastern ; Female ; genotype ; hepatitis B ; Hepatitis B - epidemiology ; hepatitis C ; Hepatitis C - epidemiology ; HIV ; HIV Infections - epidemiology ; HTLV-1/2 ; HTLV-I Infections - epidemiology ; HTLV-I Infections - virology ; HTLV-II Infections - epidemiology ; HTLV-II Infections - virology ; Human immunodeficiency virus ; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 - genetics ; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 - isolation & purification ; Human T-lymphotropic virus 2 - genetics ; Human T-lymphotropic virus 2 - isolation & purification ; Humans ; intravenous injection ; Male ; males ; Middle Aged ; Needle Sharing - statistics & numerical data ; polymerase chain reaction ; Prevalence ; Primate T-lymphotropic virus 1 ; Primate T-lymphotropic virus 2 ; Substance Abuse, Intravenous - virology ; viruses ; volunteers</subject><ispartof>Infection, genetics and evolution, 2016-09, Vol.43, p.83-85</ispartof><rights>2016 Elsevier B.V.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c441t-8f18ebc0faac9986ff86f30ef7204e71d9c2f6166bf2553c5bceeb204ba59c613</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c441t-8f18ebc0faac9986ff86f30ef7204e71d9c2f6166bf2553c5bceeb204ba59c613</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1567134816301940$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3537,27901,27902,65306</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27223634$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Jõgeda, Ene-Ly</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Avi, Radko</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pauskar, Merit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kallas, Eveli</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Karki, Tõnis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Des Jarlais, Don</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Uusküla, Anneli</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lutsar, Irja</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huik, Kristi</creatorcontrib><title>Human T-lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 are rare among intravenous drug users in Eastern Europe</title><title>Infection, genetics and evolution</title><addtitle>Infect Genet Evol</addtitle><description>In Europe, human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) type 2 mainly occurs among intravenous drug users (IDUs) with prevalence up to 15% and HTLV-1 among general population with prevalence <1%. However, there is no data regarding the prevalence of HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 in Eastern European IDUs population where HIV prevalence is relatively high. We aimed to determine the prevalence and genotypes of HTLV-1/HTLV-2 among IDUs and healthy volunteers in Estonia.
The study included 345 IDUs and 138 healthy volunteers. The presence of HTLV-1/HTLV-2 was determined by nested PCR; positive and negative controls were used in every PCR run.
The analysed IDUs resembled the IDUs of HIV epidemic in Estonia: mainly male (79%) with median age of 30years (interquartile range [IQR] 25–34), and prolonged duration of intravenous drug usage (11years; IQR 7–14). The prevalence exposure to blood-borne viral infections was high — 50% were HIV positive, 88% hepatitis C positive, 67% hepatitis B positive. Of IDUs, 64% reported receptive needle sharing in the past and 18% at least once a month during last six months. None of the IDUs carried HTLV-1 but there was a case of HTLV-2 (prevalence 0.3%; 95% CI 0.1–1.6). All healthy volunteers were HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 PCR negative.
This is the first study investigating the prevalence of HTLV-1/HTLV-2 among high risk population and healthy volunteers in Eastern European region. Our results suggest that despite other widely spread blood-borne infections (e.g. HIV, HBV, HCV) HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are rare among IDUs in Estonia.
•We examined 345 PWID and 138 healthy volunteers for HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infection.•We found all of the PWID and healthy volunteers to be negative for HTLV-1.•We found one PWID to be HTLV-2 positive; all healthy volunteers were negative.•All the figures were obtained by nested-PCR alone.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>at-risk population</subject><subject>Blood-borne infection</subject><subject>Co-infection</subject><subject>Coinfection - epidemiology</subject><subject>drugs</subject><subject>Eastern European region</subject><subject>Estonia</subject><subject>Europe, Eastern</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>genotype</subject><subject>hepatitis B</subject><subject>Hepatitis B - epidemiology</subject><subject>hepatitis C</subject><subject>Hepatitis C - epidemiology</subject><subject>HIV</subject><subject>HIV Infections - epidemiology</subject><subject>HTLV-1/2</subject><subject>HTLV-I Infections - epidemiology</subject><subject>HTLV-I Infections - virology</subject><subject>HTLV-II Infections - epidemiology</subject><subject>HTLV-II Infections - virology</subject><subject>Human immunodeficiency virus</subject><subject>Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 - genetics</subject><subject>Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Human T-lymphotropic virus 2 - genetics</subject><subject>Human T-lymphotropic virus 2 - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>intravenous injection</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>males</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Needle Sharing - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>polymerase chain reaction</subject><subject>Prevalence</subject><subject>Primate T-lymphotropic virus 1</subject><subject>Primate T-lymphotropic virus 2</subject><subject>Substance Abuse, Intravenous - virology</subject><subject>viruses</subject><subject>volunteers</subject><issn>1567-1348</issn><issn>1567-7257</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2016</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkU1PAyEQhonR2Fr9B8Zw9LIrsAtLLyamqdakiZd6RpYdKk33Q9ht0n8vTatH4wFmgGdmyPsidEtJSgkVD5u0Bli7KmXxlBKeEsbO0JhyUSQF48X5KadZLkfoKoQNIbQgTF6iESsYy0SWj9HHYqh1g1fJdl93n23v284ZvHN-CLjfdxAwxbqpMMPaA_aHTddts8au6b3eQdNGsPLDGg8BfIjXeK5DDz7GITaDa3Rh9TbAzSlO0PvzfDVbJMu3l9fZ0zIxeU77RFoqoTTEam2mUymsjSsjYAtGcihoNTXMCipEaRnnmeGlASjjW6n51AiaTdD9sW_n268BQq9qFwxst7qB-EdFJeN5lILIf6CE51JIwSKaH1Hj2xA8WNV5V2u_V5Sogw1qo442qIMNinAVbYhld6cJQ1lD9Vv0o3sEHo8AREl2DrwKxkFjoHIeTK-q1v094Rv0GJrL</recordid><startdate>201609</startdate><enddate>201609</enddate><creator>Jõgeda, Ene-Ly</creator><creator>Avi, Radko</creator><creator>Pauskar, Merit</creator><creator>Kallas, Eveli</creator><creator>Karki, Tõnis</creator><creator>Des Jarlais, Don</creator><creator>Uusküla, Anneli</creator><creator>Lutsar, Irja</creator><creator>Huik, Kristi</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7S9</scope><scope>L.6</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201609</creationdate><title>Human T-lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 are rare among intravenous drug users in Eastern Europe</title><author>Jõgeda, Ene-Ly ; Avi, Radko ; Pauskar, Merit ; Kallas, Eveli ; Karki, Tõnis ; Des Jarlais, Don ; Uusküla, Anneli ; Lutsar, Irja ; Huik, Kristi</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c441t-8f18ebc0faac9986ff86f30ef7204e71d9c2f6166bf2553c5bceeb204ba59c613</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2016</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>at-risk population</topic><topic>Blood-borne infection</topic><topic>Co-infection</topic><topic>Coinfection - epidemiology</topic><topic>drugs</topic><topic>Eastern European region</topic><topic>Estonia</topic><topic>Europe, Eastern</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>genotype</topic><topic>hepatitis B</topic><topic>Hepatitis B - epidemiology</topic><topic>hepatitis C</topic><topic>Hepatitis C - epidemiology</topic><topic>HIV</topic><topic>HIV Infections - epidemiology</topic><topic>HTLV-1/2</topic><topic>HTLV-I Infections - epidemiology</topic><topic>HTLV-I Infections - virology</topic><topic>HTLV-II Infections - epidemiology</topic><topic>HTLV-II Infections - virology</topic><topic>Human immunodeficiency virus</topic><topic>Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 - genetics</topic><topic>Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Human T-lymphotropic virus 2 - genetics</topic><topic>Human T-lymphotropic virus 2 - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>intravenous injection</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>males</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Needle Sharing - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>polymerase chain reaction</topic><topic>Prevalence</topic><topic>Primate T-lymphotropic virus 1</topic><topic>Primate T-lymphotropic virus 2</topic><topic>Substance Abuse, Intravenous - virology</topic><topic>viruses</topic><topic>volunteers</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Jõgeda, Ene-Ly</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Avi, Radko</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pauskar, Merit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kallas, Eveli</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Karki, Tõnis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Des Jarlais, Don</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Uusküla, Anneli</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lutsar, Irja</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huik, Kristi</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>AGRICOLA</collection><collection>AGRICOLA - Academic</collection><jtitle>Infection, genetics and evolution</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Jõgeda, Ene-Ly</au><au>Avi, Radko</au><au>Pauskar, Merit</au><au>Kallas, Eveli</au><au>Karki, Tõnis</au><au>Des Jarlais, Don</au><au>Uusküla, Anneli</au><au>Lutsar, Irja</au><au>Huik, Kristi</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Human T-lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 are rare among intravenous drug users in Eastern Europe</atitle><jtitle>Infection, genetics and evolution</jtitle><addtitle>Infect Genet Evol</addtitle><date>2016-09</date><risdate>2016</risdate><volume>43</volume><spage>83</spage><epage>85</epage><pages>83-85</pages><issn>1567-1348</issn><eissn>1567-7257</eissn><abstract>In Europe, human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) type 2 mainly occurs among intravenous drug users (IDUs) with prevalence up to 15% and HTLV-1 among general population with prevalence <1%. However, there is no data regarding the prevalence of HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 in Eastern European IDUs population where HIV prevalence is relatively high. We aimed to determine the prevalence and genotypes of HTLV-1/HTLV-2 among IDUs and healthy volunteers in Estonia.
The study included 345 IDUs and 138 healthy volunteers. The presence of HTLV-1/HTLV-2 was determined by nested PCR; positive and negative controls were used in every PCR run.
The analysed IDUs resembled the IDUs of HIV epidemic in Estonia: mainly male (79%) with median age of 30years (interquartile range [IQR] 25–34), and prolonged duration of intravenous drug usage (11years; IQR 7–14). The prevalence exposure to blood-borne viral infections was high — 50% were HIV positive, 88% hepatitis C positive, 67% hepatitis B positive. Of IDUs, 64% reported receptive needle sharing in the past and 18% at least once a month during last six months. None of the IDUs carried HTLV-1 but there was a case of HTLV-2 (prevalence 0.3%; 95% CI 0.1–1.6). All healthy volunteers were HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 PCR negative.
This is the first study investigating the prevalence of HTLV-1/HTLV-2 among high risk population and healthy volunteers in Eastern European region. Our results suggest that despite other widely spread blood-borne infections (e.g. HIV, HBV, HCV) HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are rare among IDUs in Estonia.
•We examined 345 PWID and 138 healthy volunteers for HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infection.•We found all of the PWID and healthy volunteers to be negative for HTLV-1.•We found one PWID to be HTLV-2 positive; all healthy volunteers were negative.•All the figures were obtained by nested-PCR alone.</abstract><cop>Netherlands</cop><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><pmid>27223634</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.meegid.2016.05.022</doi><tpages>3</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Infection, genetics and evolution, 2016-09, Vol.43, p.83-85 |
| issn | 1567-1348 1567-7257 |
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| source | MEDLINE; Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals |
| subjects | Adult at-risk population Blood-borne infection Co-infection Coinfection - epidemiology drugs Eastern European region Estonia Europe, Eastern Female genotype hepatitis B Hepatitis B - epidemiology hepatitis C Hepatitis C - epidemiology HIV HIV Infections - epidemiology HTLV-1/2 HTLV-I Infections - epidemiology HTLV-I Infections - virology HTLV-II Infections - epidemiology HTLV-II Infections - virology Human immunodeficiency virus Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 - genetics Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 - isolation & purification Human T-lymphotropic virus 2 - genetics Human T-lymphotropic virus 2 - isolation & purification Humans intravenous injection Male males Middle Aged Needle Sharing - statistics & numerical data polymerase chain reaction Prevalence Primate T-lymphotropic virus 1 Primate T-lymphotropic virus 2 Substance Abuse, Intravenous - virology viruses volunteers |
| title | Human T-lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 are rare among intravenous drug users in Eastern Europe |
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