Preterm birth and cerebellar neuropathology

Summary Improved survival rates in premature infants and more sensitive neuroimaging techniques have expanded the scope of recognized neurodevelopmental disabilities in this vulnerable population and have implicated a role for cerebellar pathology in their origin. Although supratentorial pathologies are well studied, cerebellar pathology has been under-recognized in premature infants. The purpose of this review is to provide a concise description of established acquired cerebellar pathologies in premature infants including cerebellar atrophy/hypoplasia, hemorrhage, and infarction. The cerebellum develops over an extended period during which time cerebellar injury tends to occur with the potential to derail the cerebellum from its expected growth trajectory and perturb the establishment of cerebellar neural circuitry. The occurrence of cerebellar injury in this vulnerable period may have life-long implications that extend beyond the immediate damage sustained by the cerebellum, all of which needs to be considered as we research the causes and effects of neurodevelopmental disabilities in these patients.