Drop Size Distributions and Radar Observations of Convective and Stratiform Rain over the Equatorial Indian and West Pacific Oceans
Two-dimensional video disdrometer (2DVD) data were analyzed from two equatorial Indian (Gan) and west Pacific Ocean (Manus) islands where precipitation is primarily organized by the intertropical convergence zone and the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO). The 18 (3.5) months of 2DVD data from Manus (G...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of the atmospheric sciences 2015-11, Vol.72 (11), p.4091-4125 |
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| creator | Thompson, Elizabeth J Rutledge, Steven A Dolan, Brenda Thurai, Merhala |
| description | Two-dimensional video disdrometer (2DVD) data were analyzed from two equatorial Indian (Gan) and west Pacific Ocean (Manus) islands where precipitation is primarily organized by the intertropical convergence zone and the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO). The 18 (3.5) months of 2DVD data from Manus (Gan) Island show that 1) the two sites have similar drop size distribution (DSD) spectra of liquid water content, median diameter, rain rate R, radar reflectivity z, normalized gamma number concentration N sub(w), and other integral rain parameters; 2) there is a robust N sub(w)-based separation between convective (C) and stratiform (S) DSDs at both sites that produces consistent separation in other parameter spaces. The 2DVD data indicate an equatorial, maritime average C/S rainfall accumulation fraction (frequency) of 81/19 (41/59) at these locations. It is hypothesized that convective fraction and frequency estimates are slightly higher than previous radar-based studies, because the ubiquitous weak, shallow convection ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1175/JAS-D-14-0206.1 |
| format | Article |
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The 18 (3.5) months of 2DVD data from Manus (Gan) Island show that 1) the two sites have similar drop size distribution (DSD) spectra of liquid water content, median diameter, rain rate R, radar reflectivity z, normalized gamma number concentration N sub(w), and other integral rain parameters; 2) there is a robust N sub(w)-based separation between convective (C) and stratiform (S) DSDs at both sites that produces consistent separation in other parameter spaces. The 2DVD data indicate an equatorial, maritime average C/S rainfall accumulation fraction (frequency) of 81/19 (41/59) at these locations. It is hypothesized that convective fraction and frequency estimates are slightly higher than previous radar-based studies, because the ubiquitous weak, shallow convection (<10 mm h super(-1)) characteristic of the tropical warm pool is properly resolved by this high-resolution DSD dataset and identification method. This type of convection accounted for about 30% of all rain events and 15% of total rain volume. These rain statistics were reproduced when newly derived C/S R(z) equations were applied to 2DVD-simulated reflectivity. However, the benefits of using separate C/S R(z) equations are only realizable when C/S partitioning properly classifies each rain type. A single R(z) relationship fit to all 2DVD data yielded accurate total rainfall amounts but overestimated (underestimated) the stratiform (convective) rain fraction by plus or minus 10% and overestimated (underestimated) stratiform (convective) rain accumulation by +50% (-15%).</description><identifier>ISSN: 0022-4928</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1520-0469</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-14-0206.1</identifier><identifier>CODEN: JAHSAK</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Boston: American Meteorological Society</publisher><subject>Accumulation ; Atmospheric precipitations ; Clouds ; Convection ; Convergence zones ; Datasets ; Diameters ; Drop size ; Drop size distribution ; Frequency estimation ; Gallium nitrides ; Identification methods ; Intertropical convergence zone ; Islands ; Liquid water content ; Madden-Julian oscillation ; Mathematical analysis ; Meteorology ; Moisture content ; Oceans ; Pacific Ocean ; Parameters ; Precipitation ; Radar ; Radar reflectivity ; Rain ; Rainfall ; Reflectance ; Separation ; Size distribution ; Statistical methods ; Two dimensional analysis ; Water ; Water content</subject><ispartof>Journal of the atmospheric sciences, 2015-11, Vol.72 (11), p.4091-4125</ispartof><rights>Copyright American Meteorological Society Nov 2015</rights><rights>Copyright American Meteorological Society 2015</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c540t-dfafcb936400c17435162050089bae0006bc2dfd2bd8849f1400b187220649903</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c540t-dfafcb936400c17435162050089bae0006bc2dfd2bd8849f1400b187220649903</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,3681,27924,27925</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Thompson, Elizabeth J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rutledge, Steven A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dolan, Brenda</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thurai, Merhala</creatorcontrib><title>Drop Size Distributions and Radar Observations of Convective and Stratiform Rain over the Equatorial Indian and West Pacific Oceans</title><title>Journal of the atmospheric sciences</title><description>Two-dimensional video disdrometer (2DVD) data were analyzed from two equatorial Indian (Gan) and west Pacific Ocean (Manus) islands where precipitation is primarily organized by the intertropical convergence zone and the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO). The 18 (3.5) months of 2DVD data from Manus (Gan) Island show that 1) the two sites have similar drop size distribution (DSD) spectra of liquid water content, median diameter, rain rate R, radar reflectivity z, normalized gamma number concentration N sub(w), and other integral rain parameters; 2) there is a robust N sub(w)-based separation between convective (C) and stratiform (S) DSDs at both sites that produces consistent separation in other parameter spaces. The 2DVD data indicate an equatorial, maritime average C/S rainfall accumulation fraction (frequency) of 81/19 (41/59) at these locations. It is hypothesized that convective fraction and frequency estimates are slightly higher than previous radar-based studies, because the ubiquitous weak, shallow convection (<10 mm h super(-1)) characteristic of the tropical warm pool is properly resolved by this high-resolution DSD dataset and identification method. This type of convection accounted for about 30% of all rain events and 15% of total rain volume. These rain statistics were reproduced when newly derived C/S R(z) equations were applied to 2DVD-simulated reflectivity. However, the benefits of using separate C/S R(z) equations are only realizable when C/S partitioning properly classifies each rain type. A single R(z) relationship fit to all 2DVD data yielded accurate total rainfall amounts but overestimated (underestimated) the stratiform (convective) rain fraction by plus or minus 10% and overestimated (underestimated) stratiform (convective) rain accumulation by +50% (-15%).</description><subject>Accumulation</subject><subject>Atmospheric precipitations</subject><subject>Clouds</subject><subject>Convection</subject><subject>Convergence zones</subject><subject>Datasets</subject><subject>Diameters</subject><subject>Drop size</subject><subject>Drop size distribution</subject><subject>Frequency estimation</subject><subject>Gallium nitrides</subject><subject>Identification methods</subject><subject>Intertropical convergence zone</subject><subject>Islands</subject><subject>Liquid water content</subject><subject>Madden-Julian oscillation</subject><subject>Mathematical analysis</subject><subject>Meteorology</subject><subject>Moisture content</subject><subject>Oceans</subject><subject>Pacific Ocean</subject><subject>Parameters</subject><subject>Precipitation</subject><subject>Radar</subject><subject>Radar reflectivity</subject><subject>Rain</subject><subject>Rainfall</subject><subject>Reflectance</subject><subject>Separation</subject><subject>Size distribution</subject><subject>Statistical methods</subject><subject>Two dimensional analysis</subject><subject>Water</subject><subject>Water 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Size Distributions and Radar Observations of Convective and Stratiform Rain over the Equatorial Indian and West Pacific Oceans</title><author>Thompson, Elizabeth J ; Rutledge, Steven A ; Dolan, Brenda ; Thurai, Merhala</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c540t-dfafcb936400c17435162050089bae0006bc2dfd2bd8849f1400b187220649903</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>Accumulation</topic><topic>Atmospheric precipitations</topic><topic>Clouds</topic><topic>Convection</topic><topic>Convergence zones</topic><topic>Datasets</topic><topic>Diameters</topic><topic>Drop size</topic><topic>Drop size distribution</topic><topic>Frequency estimation</topic><topic>Gallium nitrides</topic><topic>Identification methods</topic><topic>Intertropical convergence zone</topic><topic>Islands</topic><topic>Liquid water content</topic><topic>Madden-Julian oscillation</topic><topic>Mathematical analysis</topic><topic>Meteorology</topic><topic>Moisture content</topic><topic>Oceans</topic><topic>Pacific Ocean</topic><topic>Parameters</topic><topic>Precipitation</topic><topic>Radar</topic><topic>Radar reflectivity</topic><topic>Rain</topic><topic>Rainfall</topic><topic>Reflectance</topic><topic>Separation</topic><topic>Size distribution</topic><topic>Statistical methods</topic><topic>Two dimensional analysis</topic><topic>Water</topic><topic>Water content</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Thompson, Elizabeth J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rutledge, Steven A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dolan, Brenda</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thurai, Merhala</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Oceanic Abstracts</collection><collection>Water 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Merhala</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Drop Size Distributions and Radar Observations of Convective and Stratiform Rain over the Equatorial Indian and West Pacific Oceans</atitle><jtitle>Journal of the atmospheric sciences</jtitle><date>2015-11-01</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>72</volume><issue>11</issue><spage>4091</spage><epage>4125</epage><pages>4091-4125</pages><issn>0022-4928</issn><eissn>1520-0469</eissn><coden>JAHSAK</coden><abstract>Two-dimensional video disdrometer (2DVD) data were analyzed from two equatorial Indian (Gan) and west Pacific Ocean (Manus) islands where precipitation is primarily organized by the intertropical convergence zone and the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO). The 18 (3.5) months of 2DVD data from Manus (Gan) Island show that 1) the two sites have similar drop size distribution (DSD) spectra of liquid water content, median diameter, rain rate R, radar reflectivity z, normalized gamma number concentration N sub(w), and other integral rain parameters; 2) there is a robust N sub(w)-based separation between convective (C) and stratiform (S) DSDs at both sites that produces consistent separation in other parameter spaces. The 2DVD data indicate an equatorial, maritime average C/S rainfall accumulation fraction (frequency) of 81/19 (41/59) at these locations. It is hypothesized that convective fraction and frequency estimates are slightly higher than previous radar-based studies, because the ubiquitous weak, shallow convection (<10 mm h super(-1)) characteristic of the tropical warm pool is properly resolved by this high-resolution DSD dataset and identification method. This type of convection accounted for about 30% of all rain events and 15% of total rain volume. These rain statistics were reproduced when newly derived C/S R(z) equations were applied to 2DVD-simulated reflectivity. However, the benefits of using separate C/S R(z) equations are only realizable when C/S partitioning properly classifies each rain type. A single R(z) relationship fit to all 2DVD data yielded accurate total rainfall amounts but overestimated (underestimated) the stratiform (convective) rain fraction by plus or minus 10% and overestimated (underestimated) stratiform (convective) rain accumulation by +50% (-15%).</abstract><cop>Boston</cop><pub>American Meteorological Society</pub><doi>10.1175/JAS-D-14-0206.1</doi><tpages>35</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | American Meteorological Society; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Accumulation Atmospheric precipitations Clouds Convection Convergence zones Datasets Diameters Drop size Drop size distribution Frequency estimation Gallium nitrides Identification methods Intertropical convergence zone Islands Liquid water content Madden-Julian oscillation Mathematical analysis Meteorology Moisture content Oceans Pacific Ocean Parameters Precipitation Radar Radar reflectivity Rain Rainfall Reflectance Separation Size distribution Statistical methods Two dimensional analysis Water Water content |
| title | Drop Size Distributions and Radar Observations of Convective and Stratiform Rain over the Equatorial Indian and West Pacific Oceans |
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