Convective heat transfer performance of CuO–water nanofluids in U-shaped minitube: Potential for improved energy recovery

•Low concentration stable CuO–water nanofluid prepared without surfactant.•10% increase in thermal conductivity at 0.05wt% nanoparticle concentration.•Heat absorption from constant source temperature in U-shaped minitube tested.•Maximum enhancement in ‘h’ at optimum nanoparticle concentration.•34% e...

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